Constructing identity abroad
How Chinese students in Canada reconcile their cultural identity with Western influences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/yhe74762Keywords:
Social Adjustment, Cross-Cultural Emotional Health, Identity, Chinese international studentsAbstract
In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of cultural identity construction, focusing on Chinese students studying in Canada and how they deal with conflict between their Chinese and Western cultures. It investigates different factors of Western culture and examines how Chinese students construct and reconcile their identity with Western influences. The study also focuses on the psychological effects of identity reconstruction among these students. This study employed a qualitative research approach, and data were gathered through structured interviews with six Chinese students at Canadian universities. Three primary themes were revealed through thematic analysis: educational institution's role in cultural adaptation, cultural practices and identity influence, and psychological well-being and cultural identity. Consequently, the study results show that the role of educational institutions, cultural practices, and identity conflicts significantly impact cultural adaptation and students' psychological well-being.
References
Beck, K. V. (2008). Being international: Learning in a Canadian university (Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University).
Bethel, A., Ward, C., & Fetvadjiev, V. H. (2020). Cross-cultural transition and psychological adaptation of international students: The mediating role of host national connectedness. Frontiers in Education, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.539950
Bhandari, N. B. (2022). Homi K. Bhabha's third space theory and cultural identity today: A critical review. Prithvi Academic Journal, 171-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v5i1.45049
Campbell, A. (2000). Cultural identity as a social construct. Intercultural Education, 11(1), 31-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980050005370
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., . . . Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Campos, J., Pinto, L. H., & Hippler, T. (2022). The domains of cross-cultural adjustment: An empirical study with international students. Journal of International Students, 12(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i2.2512
Chen J. H., Li Y., Wu A. M. S., & Tong K. K. (2020). The overlooked minority: Mental health of international students worldwide under the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102333
Church, A. T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 540–572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.91.3.540
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Forbes-Mewett, H. (2018). International students and food security. The new security: Individual, community and cultural experiences, 197-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59102-9_8
Forbes-Mewett, H., & Nyland, C. (2007). Cultural diversity, relocation, and the security of international students at an internationalized University. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(2), 181-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307308136
Gao, Y. (2018). Why did you withdraw? Experiences of Chinese International doctoral students in Canada. (Doctoral dissertation University of Victoria) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/1433102
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
Kaktiņš, L. (2021). Identity challenges and pedagogical consequences: international students in higher education pathway programmes in Australia. The Palgrave Handbook of Youth Mobility and Educational Migration, 261-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64235-8_24
Kim, Y. Y. (2007). Ideology, identity, and intercultural communication: An analysis of differing academic conceptions of cultural identity. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(3), 237-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701737181
Lamb, M., & Budiyanto. (2013). Cultural challenges, identity and motivation in state school EFL. In International perspectives on motivation: Language learning and professional challenges (pp. 18-34). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137000873_2
Li, X., & Krugly Smolska, E. (2008). Identity re/construction of cross-cultural graduate students. Library and Archives Canada.
Liu, W. (2021). The complexity of international student identity. Journal of Belonging, Identity, Language and Diversity, 5(2).
Lu L. (1990). Adaptation to British universities: Homesickness and mental health of Chinese students. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 3(3), 225-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515079008254253
Mancini-Cross, C., Backman, K. F., & Baldwin, E. D. (2009). The effect of the language barrier on intercultural communication: A case study of educational travel in Italy. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 9(1-2), 104-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220903042004
Mersh, K., & Auburn, T. (2021). The role of social identity strategies in the cultural transitions of international students: Social creativity, social mobility and place identity. SN Social Sciences, 1(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00149-y
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231205789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Oduwaye, O., Kiraz, A., & Sorakin, Y. (2023). Challenges of international students in their host countries: A trend analysis. Authorea Preprints. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.22048010
Peng, A. (2020). The role of cultural identity in language learning for international students in the United States. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/1565894
Roy, S., & Al Harthy, S. R. (2022). International Students’ Cultural Identity Construction in the USA Context. Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(03), 127-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v1i03.28
Russell J., Rosenthal D., & Thomson G. (2010). The international student experience: Three styles of adaptation. Higher Education, 60(2), 235–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9297-7
Ryan M. E., & Twibell R. S. (2000). Concerns, values, stress, coping, health, and educational outcomes of college students who studied abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(4), 409-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00014-6
Sadewo, G. R., Kashima, E. S., Gallagher, C., Kashima, Y., & Koskinen, J. (2020). International students’ cross-cultural adjustment: Social selection or social influence? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(6), 490-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022120930092
Sam D. L., & Eide R. (1991). Survey of mental health of foreign students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 32(1), 22–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00849.x
San, C. K., & Guo, H. (2023). Institutional support, social support, and academic performance: Mediating role of academic adaptation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(4), 1659-1675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00657-2
Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14(4), 449-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(90)90030-Z
Séguin, M. (2022). The changing diversity and inclusion landscape of Canadian universities: The Université De Montréal case. Leading with diversity, equity and inclusion: Approaches, practices and cases for integral leadership strategy, 341-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95652-3_21
Tarry, E. (2011). Is West truly best? Social and cultural tensions international students experience having studied at British universities. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 35(1), 69-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2010.540316
Wang, F. (2016). The lived experiences of Canadian-born and foreign-born Chinese Canadian postsecondary students in Northern Ontario. Journal of International Students, 6(2), 451-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i2.366
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Routledge.
Yang, B., Zhao, D., & Liu, L. (2021). An analysis of hall’s theory of cultural identity and its application in flipped class. In 2nd International Conference on Language, Communication and Culture Studies (ICLCCS 2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211025.030
Yuan, X. (2023, October). Confucian or confusion? Analyses of international students’ self-rated intercultural sensitivity and its sociocultural predictors at Canadian universities. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 8, p. 1239177). Frontiers Media SA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1239177
Zheng, S., & Ishii, K. (2023). Cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese international students: Effects of distant and close support-seeking. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133487
Zhu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2014). Rethinking “cultural adjustment”: Language learning, career choice, and identity construction of Chinese international students in a university preparation program. Critical Intersections in Education, 2, 1-4.
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of International Students

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All published articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License.