Improving sociocultural adaptation of first-year Chinese international undergraduate students
Peer mentorship and intercultural engagement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/1dah7j34Keywords:
sociocultural adaptation, Chinese international undergraduate students, campus engagement pilot program, peer mentorship, intercultural engagement, residential community engagementAbstract
This action research explored ways to enhance the sociocultural adaptation of first-year Chinese international undergraduates at a private research university in the midwestern U.S. through peer mentorship and intercultural engagement. Cycle 1 of the study identified social and cultural challenges, such as forming intercultural relationships, leading to a heavy reliance on conational networks for adjustment and adaptation. In response, Cycle 2 introduced a four-part pilot program: the Chinese Student Mentorship Program, the Academic Peer Mentorship Program, the International Ambassadors Program, and the Residential Community Engagement Program. Using the Revised Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R), a post-program survey, and semistructured interviews, the study revealed improved SCAS-R scores and confirmed the effectiveness of peer mentorship and residential engagement in supporting daily life, academic transitions, and social connections.
References
Agostinelli, A. V., & Albert, L. R. (2025). University leaders’ perspectives on international student support: An evaluation using the culturally engaging campus environments model. Journal of Studies in International Education, 29(1), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153241266966
Astin, A. (1999). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Development, 40(5), 518-537
Auschner, E., & Jiang, L. (2025). Implementing Chinese student support services at a German technical university. Journal of International Students, 15(5), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.32674/c7g6t059
Berry J.W. (1997). Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation. Applied psychology. 46(1):5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697–712.
Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2011). Variations in the assessment of acculturation attitudes: Their relationships with psychological wellbeing. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(5), 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.002
Bierwiaczonek, K., & Waldzus, S. (2016). Sociocultural factors as antecedents of cross-cultural adaptation in expatriates, international students, and migrants: A review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 767–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116644526
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
Bochner, S. (1982). The social psychology of cross-cultural relations. In S. Bochner (Ed.), Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (pp. 5–44). Oxford: Pergamon.
Brebner, L. H. (2008). Intercultural interactions in a New Zealand university: Pakeha and Asian perspectives. In ISANA International Conference, Auckland, New Zealand (pp. 2-5).
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: Complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661.
Cao, C., Zhu, C., & Meng, Q. (2017). Predicting Chinese international students’ acculturation strategies from socio‐demographic variables and social ties. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 20(2), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12171
Chi, Y. (2023). Individual and social challenges of Chinese international students in the United States. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 8, 413–420. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4281
Coghlan, D., & Brydon-Miller, M. (Eds.). (2021). The SAGE encyclopedia of action research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446294406
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gareis, E. (2012). Intercultural friendship: effects of home and host region. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5(4), 309. https://link.ezproxy.neu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/intercultural-friendship-effects-home-host-region/docview/1151968957/se-2
Gebregergis, W. T., & Csukonyi, C. (2025). Unveiling psychological and sociocultural adaptation patterns of international students in Hungary. Journal of International Students, 15(4), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.32674/21yqse06Gibson, S.K. (2005). Whose best interests are served? The distinction between mentoring and support. Advances in Developing Human Resources 7(4): 470–88.
Graham, J., & McClain, S. (2019). A canonical correlational analysis examining the relationship between peer mentorship, belongingness, impostor feelings, and black collegians’ academic and psychosocial outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2333–2367. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219842571
Gu, W., & Usinger, J. (2021). Independent learning, friendships, and fate in intercultural adaptation among international Chinese graduate students in the United States. Journal of College Student Development, 62(1), 107–112.
Hyden, B., & Coryell, J. (2023). Mirroring Yourself: Peer Mentor Circle Support for International Graduate Student Transitions. Journal of International Students, 13(4), 261–279. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v13i4.4746Hwang, J., Sato, E., & He, A. W. (2024). From intercultural engagement to intercultural communicative competence: The case of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Foreign Language Annals, 57(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12738
Ivanova, P., Sun, Y., Li, W., & Bista, K. (2025). International students’ loneliness and social engagement: Narratives from the United States and Japan. Journal of International Students, 15(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.32674/y6hw0n78
Jobbehdar Nourafkan, N., Jumah, B., Asif, R., & Dehghanmongabadi, A. (2020). Conflicts between Students Living on-Campus Dormitories: The Case of Dormitories at Eastern Mediterranean University Campus. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 3(4), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v3i4.397Kashima, E. S., & Loh, E. (2006). International students’ acculturation: Effects of international, conational, and local ties and need for closure. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(4), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.12.003
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. SAGE.
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Alternatives to mentoring: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 110–132.
Kudo, K., & Simkin, K. A. (2003). Intercultural friendship formation: The case of Japanese students at an Australian university. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 24(2), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0725686032000165351
Lai, H., Wang, D., & Ou, X. (2023). Cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese students in the United States: Acculturation strategies, sociocultural, psychological, and academic adaptation. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 924561–924561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924561
Lashari, S. A., Kaur, A., & Awang-Hashim, R. (2018). Home away from home - the role of social support for international students’ adjustment. Malaysian Journal of Learning & Instruction, 15(2), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2018.15.2.2
Livingstone, N., & Naismith, N. (2018). Faculty and undergraduate student perceptions of an integrated mentoring approach. Active Learning in Higher Education, 19(1), 77-92. https://doi-org.ezproxy.neu.edu/10.1177/1469787417723233
Lorenzetti, D. L., Shipton, L., Nowell, L., Jacobsen, M., Lorenzetti, L., Clancy, T., & Paolucci, E. O. (2019). A systematic review of graduate student peer mentorship in academia. Mentoring & Tutoring, 27(5), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2019.1686694
Lukens, A., Firmin, S., & Broadhurst, C. (2022). The Impact of Residential Life on the Development of Long-Term Relationships in Higher Education. The College Student Affairs Journal, 40(3), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1353/csj.2022.0029
Ma, L. (2025). Sociocultural Adaptation of First-Year Chinese International Undergraduate Students: A Campus Engagement Pilot Program Integrating Peer Mentorship and Intercultural Engagement at a Private Research University in the United States (Order No. 32039571). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (3217129867). https://login.proxy.library.nd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/sociocultural-adaptation-first-year-chinese/docview/3217129867/se-2
Ma, Y. (2020). Ambitious and anxious: How Chinese college students succeed and struggle in American higher education. Columbia University Press.
McFaul, S. (2016). International Students’ Social Network: Network Mapping to Gauge Friendship Formation and Student Engagement on Campus. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.393Mahmood, H., & Burke, M. G. (2018). Analysis of acculturative stress and sociocultural adaptation among international students at a non-metropolitan university. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 284-307. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134307
Mehta, N. (2023). Sociocultural adaptation of international students in the United States of America (Order No. 30493156). Available from ProQuest One Academic. (2854293498). https://link.ezproxy.neu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/sociocultural-adaptation-international-students/docview/2854293498/se-2
Menzies, J. L., Baron, R., & Zutshi, A. (2015). Transitional experiences of international postgraduate students utilising a peer mentor programme. Educational Research, 57(4), 403–419.
Metro-Roland, M. M. (2018). Community, identity, and international student engagement. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 10(1), 21–24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331704615_Community_Identity_and_International_Student_Engagement
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th edition.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Mohzana, M. (2024). The impact of the new student orientation program on the adaptation process and academic performance. International Journal of Educational Narratives, 2(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.70177/ijen.v2i2.763
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670
Neto, F. (2024). Determinants of psychological adaptation among Brazilian international students in Portugal. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 53(3–4), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2024.2422618Ng, T. K., Wang, K. W. C., & Chan, W. (2017). Acculturation and cross-cultural adaptation: The moderating role of social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 59, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.012
Oloruntoba, O., Aggad, R., Nuzhath, T., Fan, Q., & Smith, M. L. (2022). Meeting the mentorship needs of international students in the United States. Health Behavior Research, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/2572-1836.1169Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Paltridge, T., Mayson, S., & Schapper, J. (2010). The contribution of university accommodation to international student security. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32(4), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2010.491109
Pinto, A. F., Reed, N. P., & Mjøen, O. M. (2024). Beyond the first week: Sustaining the feeling of social inclusion and sense of belonging for students. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 19(1), 2421032-. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2024.2421032
Razek, N. A., & Brown, J. C. (2015). Got to socialize? Chinese first year students perceptions of residence hall climate. Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Educational Leadership. Proceedings, 20(2), 22-.
Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543
Rose-Redwood, C. R., & Rose-Redwood, R. S. (2013). Self-segregation or global mixing?: Social interactions and the international student experience. Journal of College Student Development, 54(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0062Rose-Redwood, C., & Rose-Redwood, R. (2018). Building bridges across the international divide: fostering meaningful cross-cultural interactions between domestic and international students. Journal of International Students, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2018) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1254588
Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Deumert, A., Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2008). Loneliness and international students: An Australian study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12(2), 148–180.
Sim, W., & Stahl, J. (2022). Living With Roommates From Different Cultures: A Qualitative Study of International Students’ Experiences of Multicultural Living-Learning Communities. The Journal of College and University Student Housing, 49(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.71348/001c.143152
Stringer, E. T., & Aragón, A. O. (2020). Action research (5th ed.). Sage publications.
Sheng, L., Dai, J., & Lei, J. (2022). The impacts of academic adaptation on psychological and sociocultural adaptation among international students in China: The moderating role of friendship. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.06.001
Spencer-Oatey, H., Dauber, D., Jing, J., & Lifei, W. (2017). Chinese students’ social integration into the university community: hearing the students’ voices. Higher Education, 74(5), 739–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0074-0
Tang, X., Collier, D. A., & Witt, A. (2018). Qualitative study on Chinese students' perception of U.S. university life. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 151-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.neu.edu/10.5281/zenodo.1134279
Thomson, C., & Esses, V. M. (2016). Helping the transition: Mentorship to support international students in Canada. Journal of International Students, Suppl. Special Issues on International Student Success, 6(4), 873-886. https://link.ezproxy.neu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/helping-transition-mentorship-support/docview/1861791247/se-2Tolman, S., Calhoun, D. W., & Patel, N. (2024). Belonging and residence life. In D. L. Roberts & R. Ammigan (Eds. ), Supporting international students in U.S. higher education (pp. 85-100). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46395-2_6
Tinto, V. (2016). Research and practice of student retention: What next? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 8(1), 1-19.
Tsang, A. (2023). The value of a semiformal peer mentorship program for first-year students’ studies, socialization and adaptation. Active Learning in Higher Education, 24(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787420945212
Van Horne, S. V., Lin, S., Anson, M., & Jacobson, W. (2018). Engagement, Satisfaction, and Belonging of International Undergraduates at U.S. Research Universities. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134313
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
Wei, X. (2025). Sociocultural adaptation of Chinese international students in the United States and its influencing factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1607241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1607241Wilson, J. (2013). Exploring the past, present and future of cultural competency research: The revision and expansion of the sociocultural adaptation construct. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Victoria University of Wellington.
Xue, W., & Singh, M. K. M. (2025). Unveiling the Academic, Sociocultural, and Psychological Adaptation Challenges of Chinese International Students in Malaysia: A Systematic Review. Journal of International Students, 15(2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.32674/37286t88Yao, C. W. (2016). Unfulfilled expectations: Influence of Chinese international students’ roommate relationships on sense of belonging. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 762–778. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.355
Yin, S. (2022). An Exploration of Generation Z Chinese International Students’ Sense of Belonging. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
Zhou, S. (2023). The Adjustment Challenges and Corresponding Solutions for Chinese International Students in the United States. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 8, 1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4455Zhuang, W. L., Wu, M., & Wen, S. L. (2013). Relationship of mentoring functions to expatriate adjustments: comparing home country mentorship and host country mentorship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.669784
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of International Students

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) [year] [author]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0












