Exploring Chinese international students’ experiences in the 'Life and Works of Rizal' course in the Philippines

An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/zj1v5398

Keywords:

Chinese International Student, Life and Works of Rizal Course, Curriculum, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Higher Education, Philippines

Abstract

As of 2021, there were 6.4 million international students globally, with Chinese students making up the largest group of international students in the Philippines. This study investigated the lived experiences of Chinese undergraduate international students who took the mandatory Life and Works of the Rizal Course in the General Education Curriculum. The study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) with six Chinese undergraduate students. The research findings indicated that Chinese international students recognized the significance of the active participation of local students and a comprehensive cultural environment. In addition, it highlights how Chinese students draw on their cultural heritage and Rizal's ancestry to gain a deeper understanding of Rizal's life and work. Students faced challenges, such as language barriers, difficulties with online learning, and a lack of cultural background in the Philippines. Using the ABCs of acculturation theory, the results provide valuable insights into improving students’ experiences in the Rizal course.

References

Ammigan, R., & Jones, E. (2018). Improving the Student Experience: Learning From a Comparative Study of International Student Satisfaction. Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(4), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318773137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318773137

Ancheta, J. R. (2022). Language Learning through Digital Media: Investigating the Strategies among Selected International Students in the Philippines. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(11), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.11.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.11.12

Ancheta, J. R., & Perez, C. A. (2016). Language learning difficulties of selected foreign students in National University, Philippines. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2016.1603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2016.1603

Asio, J. M., Mendoza, K. J., & Soriano, I. (2022). The General Education Curriculum in the Philippines: A Policy Analysis. International Journal of Law and Public Policy, 4(2), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0402.403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0402.403

Babbie, E. R. (2013). The practice of social research (Thirteenth edition). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Bayudan-Dacuycuy, C. G., Orbeta, A. C. J., & Ortiz, Ma. K. P. (2023). The quest for quality and equity in the Philippine higher education: Where to from here? Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023–12.

Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x

Bórquez Basáez, A., Morales Valdés, J. M., & Guzmán Núñez, O. (2024). Chinese students in the global south: A case study of mobility to Chile. Asian Education and Development Studies, 13(5), 460–472. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-04-2024-0082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-04-2024-0082

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners (First published). SAGE.

Bureau of Immigration. (2023). The Number of International Students (Government No. #BI-581447941366; Date of Coverage: 01/01/2018 - 01/01/2023). Freedom of Information. https://www.foi.gov.ph/requests/the-number-of-international-students/

Castro, G., & Murray, K. E. (2010). Cultural Adaptation and Resilience Controversies, Issues, and Emerging Models. In J. W. Reich, A. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience. Guilford Press.

CHED. (2019). Higher Education Data and Indicators: AY 2009-10 to AY 2019-20 (OPRKM-Knowledge Management Division). Commission on Higher Education. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Higher-Education-Data-and-Indicators-AY-2009-10-to-AY-2019-20.pdf

Chu, R. T. (2002). The “Chinese” and the “Mestizos” of the Philippines: Towards a New Interpretation. Philippine Studies, Vol. 50(No. 3), 327–370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-1638.4069

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed). Sage Publications.

Crudo, E. R., Guiwa, H. I., & Pawilen, R. (2022). A Course Module for The Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal. Rex Book Store, In.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (Fifth edition). SAGE.

English, A., Ding, Y., Zhang, Q., & Kulich, S. J. (2022). Underpinning Chinese international students’ stress and anxiety during the first wave of COVID-19 outbreak: The moderating role of wisdom. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 983875. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983875

Fox, J. (2020). Chinese Students’ Experiences Transitioning from an Intensive English Program to a U.S. University. Journal of International Students, 10(4), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i4.1191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i4.1191

Ikehata, Setsuho. (1968). José Rizal: The Development Of The National View Of History And National Consciousness In The Philippines. The Developing Economies, 6(2), 176–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1968.tb01123.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1968.tb01123.x

Inquirer. (2023, December 29). Dr. Jose Rizal, his Chinese immigrant forebear Domingo Lamco & other Filipino heroes with Chinese heritage. Inquirer. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/224910/dr-jose-rizal-his-chinese-immigrant-forebear-domingo-lamco-other-filipino-heroes-with-chinese-heritage

Jiang, Q., Horta, H., & Yuen, M. (2022). International medical students’ perspectives on factors affecting their academic success in China: A qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03597-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03597-z

Killingley, P., & Ilieva, J. (2015). Opportunities and Challenges in the Internationalisation of the Philippine Higher Education Sector. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.ph/sites/default/files/opportunities_and_challenges_in_the_internationalisation_of_philippine_higher_education_sector.pdf

Kim, Y. (2001). Becoming Intercultural: An Integrative Theory of Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233253

Kruger, D., & Stones, C. R. (1989). An introduction to phenomenological psychology (2nd rev. ed., 3rd impression). Juta.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Nachdr.). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8

Liu, W., & Lin, X. (2024). The theory of international student development. Intercultural Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2024.2314395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2024.2314395

Mahmood, H., & Galloway Burke, M. (2018). Analysis of Acculturative Stress and Sociocultural Adaptation Among International Students at a Non-Metropolitan University. Journal of International Students, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.166

Malekian, K. A., Shafeq, S. M., Khan, A., & Ahmad, R. (2017). Academic challenges of iranian postgraduate students in Malaysia: A qualitative analysis. Man in India, 97(17), 309–318. Scopus.

Memorandum Order No. 247. (1994). Directing The Secretary Of Education, Culture And Sports And The Chairman Of The Commission On Higher Education To Fully Implement Republic Act No. 1425 Entitled “An Act To Include In The Curricula Of All Public And Private Schools, Colleges And Universities, Courses On The Life, Works And Writings Of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels, Noli Me Tangere And El Filibusterismo, Authorizing The Printing And Distribution Thereof And For Other Purposes.” Office of the President Under Pres. Fidel Ramos.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Fourth edition). Jossey-Bass.

Munna, A. S. (2022). International Students’ Learning Experience on Global Curriculum. Journal of Education, 202(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420972063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420972063

Nam, B. H., Marshall, R. C., Tian, X., & Jiang, X. (2023). “Why universities need to actively combat Sinophobia”: Racially-traumatic experiences of Chinese international students in the United States during COVID-19. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(5), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1965957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1965957

Nambiar, R. M. K., Ibrahim, N., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2012). Literacy encounters in a non-anglophone context: Korean study abroad students in a Malaysian classroom. Asian Social Science, 8(7), 110–118. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n7p110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n7p110

Nery, J. (2011). Revolutionary spirit: Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814345064

Oduwaye, O., Kiraz, A., & Sorakin, Y. (2023). A Trend Analysis of the Challenges of International Students Over 21 Years. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231210387. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231210387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231210387

Ortiga, Y. Y. (2018). Constructing a global education hub: The unlikely case of Manila. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 39(5), 767–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1448703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1448703

RA 1425. (1956, June 12). An Act To Include In The Curricula Of All Public And Private Schools, Colleges And Universities Courses On The Life, Works And Writings Of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere And El Filibusterismo, Authorizing The Printing And Distribution Thereof, And For Other Purposes [Government].

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/06/12/republic-act-no-1425/

Rawlings, M., & Sue, E. (2013). Preparedness of Chinese Students for American Culture and Communicating in English. Journal of International Students, 3(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v3i1.516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v3i1.516

Republic Act 11448. (2019). An Act Expanding Access to Educational Services Through the Establishment and Administration of Transnational Higher Education [Government]. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2019/08aug/20190828-RA-11448-RRD.pdf

Rizal, J. (2022). The Social Cancer (C. Derbyshire, Trans.). Global Grey.

Ruiz, N. G. (2014). Made for Export: Labor Migration, State Power, and Higher Education in a Developing Philippine Economy. MIT.

Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010). Acculturation: When Individuals and Groups of Different Cultural Backgrounds Meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 5(No. 4), 472–481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610373075

Sannadan, J. G., & Lang-ay, P. L. (2021). Neoliberal Restructuring in Philippine Education: Towards Performativity. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 6(1), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.61.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.61.45

Santillan, J. P., Martin, J. T., Santos, M. E., & Yambao, L. L. (2018). International students’ cultural adaptation in the Philippines. Asian EFL Journal, 20(12), 234–252. Scopus.

Scally, J., & Jiang, M. (2020). ‘I wish I knew how to socialize with native speakers’: Supporting authentic linguistic and cultural experiences for Chinese TESOL students in the UK. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(10), 1335–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1688263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1688263

Servidad, R. M., & Purigay, G. M. (2023, December 31). Dr. Jose Rizal & Domingo Lamco: Tracing Chinese contributions in Philippine History. The Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/31/opinion/contributors/dr-jose-rizal-domingo-lamco-tracing-chinese-contributions-in-philippine-history/1926162

Shields, R. (2013). Globalization and International Student Mobility: A Network Analysis. Comparative Education Review, 57(4), 609–636. https://doi.org/10.1086/671752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/671752

Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkins, M. (2022). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research (2nd Edition). SAGE.

Spinelli, E. (2006). The interpreted world: An introduction to phenomenological psychology (2. ed., repr). SAGE.

Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Shi, F., Liang, B., Li, X., Wen, J., Cai, Y., Xiang, Y.-T., & Yang, L. (2021). Chinese International Students in the United States: The Interplay of Students’ Acculturative Stress, Academic Standing, and Quality of Life. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 625863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625863 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625863

Sun, Y., & Nolan, C. (2021). Emotion Regulation Strategies and Stress in Irish College Students and Chinese International College Students in Ireland. Journal of International Students, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i4.2516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i4.2516

UNESCO. (2023). Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students [Government]. http://data.uis.unesco.org/#

Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, Pub. L. No. Republic Act No. 10931 (2017). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2017/08/03/republic-act-no-10931/

Valisno, M. D. (1995, January 13). Directing Secretary Of Education, Culture And Sports And The CHAIRMAN OF COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION To Fully Implement The Republic Act No. 1425. Commission on Higher Education.

Wa-Mbaleka, S., & Gaikwad, S. (2013). Current Climate in Higher Education: Perceptions of International Students in the Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7718/iamure.ije.v6i1.490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7718/iamure.ije.v6i1.490

Ward, C., & Szabó, Á. (2019). Affect, Behavior, Cognition, and Development: Adding to the Alphabet of Acculturation. In C. Ward & Á. Szabó, The Handbook of Culture and Psychology (pp. 640–692). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679743.003.0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679743.003.0020

Wong, R., & Hyde, C. (2024). The socio-cultural experience of Chinese international students in Australian schools: Challenges and opportunities. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 41(2), 202–211. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2024.2371131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2024.2371131

Yu, C., Liu, W., & Waller, S. (2023). Will Chinese students stop coming to the UK? A push–pull analysis among Chinese graduates from UK’s taught master’s programs 20 years apart. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 27(3), 120–126.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2023.2168781 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2023.2168781

Zaide, G. F., & Zaide, S. M. (2014). José Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Zhang, Z., & Brunton, M. (2007). Differences in Living and Learning: Chinese International Students in New Zealand. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(2), 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306289834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306289834

Zheng, S., & Ishii, K. (2023). Cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese international students: Effects of distant and close support-seeking. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1133487. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133487

Zhou, Y., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K., & Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 33(1), 63–75.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070701794833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070701794833

Downloads

Published

2025-03-01

Issue

Section

Research Articles (English)

Categories

How to Cite

Xu, X., Castulo, N., & Marasigan, A. . (2025). Exploring Chinese international students’ experiences in the ’Life and Works of Rizal’ course in the Philippines: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of International Students, 15(4), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.32674/zj1v5398