Campus Sexual Violence
A Comparison of International and Domestic Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v13i1.3685Keywords:
International students, campus sexual violence, intersectionality, posttraumatic stress, disclosureAbstract
The current study used an intersectional framework to investigate international students' experiences of sexual violence and examine differences in contexts, consequences, and disclosure between international and domestic students. Secondary analyses (chi-squares, multivariate logistic regressions) were conducted on previously collected data. The sample consisted of 6,554 students, including 764 international students. Compared with their domestic peers, international students of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, minority status, grade levels, and time spent at university faced an increased likelihood of being the target of sexual violence. Contexts and disclosure of victimization did not vary by student status. International students reported more PTSD symptoms after campus sexual violence. Future studies are needed to determine why perpetrators target international students. Prevention and intervention efforts need to acknowledge diversity among international students and potential victims who could be men, women, LGBTQ+ students, undergraduate and graduate students.
References
Ahmad, F., Riaz, S., Barata, P., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Patriarchal beliefs and perceptions of abuse among South Asian immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 10(3), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203256000
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017). Change the course: National report on sexual assault and sexual harassment at Australian universities. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/AHRC_2017_ChangeTheCourse_UniversityReport.pdf
Basile, K., Smith, S., Breiding, M., Black, M., & Mahendra, R. (2014). Sexual Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements, Version 2.0. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv_surveillance_definitionsl-2009-a.pdf
Bergeron, M., Hébert, M., Ricci, S., Goyer, M.-F., Duhamel, N., Kurtzman, L., Auclair, I., Clennett-Sirois, L., Daigneault, I., Damant, D., Demers, S., Dion, J., Lavoie, F., Paquette, G., & Parent, S. (2016). Violences sexuelles en milieu universitaire au Québec: Rapport de recherche de l’enquête ESSIMU [Sexual violence in universities in Quebec: Research report from the ESSIMU survey]. Université du Québec à Montréal. http://essimu.quebec/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Rapport-ESSIMU_COMPLET.pdf
Bista, K. (2019). Exploring the field: Understanding the international student experience. In Bista, K. (ed.), Global Perspectives on International Student Experiences in Higher Education: Tensions and Issues (pp. 1–16). Routledge.
Bonistall Postel, E. J. (2020). Violence against international students: A critical gap in the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742385
Brubaker, S. J., Keegan, B., Guadalupe‐Diaz, X. L., & Beasley, B. (2017). Measuring and reporting campus sexual assault: Privilege and exclusion in what we know and what we do. Sociology Compass, 11(12), e12543. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12543
Brunsting, N. C., Zachry, C., & Takeuchi, R. (2018). Predictors of undergraduate international student psychosocial adjustment to U.S. universities: A systematic review from 2009-2018. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 66, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.06.002
Burczycka, M. (2020). Les expériences de comportements sexualisés non désirés et d’agressions sexuelles vécues par les étudiants des établissements d’enseignement postsecondaire dans les provinces canadiennes, 2019 [Unwanted sexual behaviors and sexual assault experiences by students in post-secondary institutions in Canadian provinces]. (No 85-002 X). Statistique Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2020001/article/00005-fra.htm
Coulter, R. W. S., Mair, C., Miller, E., Blosnich, J. R., Matthews, D. D., & McCauley, H. L. (2017). Prevalence of past-year sexual assault victimization among undergraduate students: Exploring differences by and intersections of gender identity, sexual identity, and race/ethnicity. Prevention Science, 18(6), 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0762-8
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Daigle, L. E., Hoffman, C. Y., & Johnson, L. M. (2018). The extent and risk of violent victimization among international college students enrolled in the United States: A gendered analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(19), 3053–3073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516633686
Dong, Y., & Peng, C.-Y. J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-222
Fedina, L., Holmes, J. L., & Backes, B. L. (2018). Campus sexual assault: A systematic review of prevalence research from 2000 to 2015. Trauma Violence Abuse, 19(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129
Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999). Measuring sexual harassment in the military: the sexual experiences questionnaire (SEQ—DoD). Military Psychology, 11(3), 243-263. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1103_3
Flack Jr, W. F., Daubman, K. A., Caron, M. L., Asadorian, J. A., D’Aureli, N. R., Gigliotti, S. N., Hall, A. T., Kiser, S., & Stine, E. R. (2007). Risk factors and consequences of unwanted sex among university students: Hooking up, alcohol, and stress response. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506295354
Flack Jr, W. F., Kimble, M. O., Campbell, B. E., Hopper, A. B., Petercă, O., & Heller, E. J. (2015). Sexual assault victimization among female undergraduates during study abroad: A single campus survey study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(20), 3453–3466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514563833
Forbes-Mewett, H., & McCulloch, J. (2016). International students and gender-based violence. Violence Against Women, 22(3), 344–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215602344
Forbes-Mewett, H., McCulloch, J., & Nyland, C. (2015). International students and crime. (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Funnell, N., & Hush, A. (2018). The Red Zone Report: An investigation into sexual violence and hazing in Australian university residential colleges. End Rape on Campus (EROC) Australia. https://apo.org.au/node/134766
Glass, C. R., Gómez, E., & Urzua, A. (2014). Recreation, intercultural friendship, and international students' adaptation to college by region of origin. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 42, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.05.007
Hamel, C., Debauche, A., Brown, E., Lebugle, A., Lejbowicz, T., Mazuy, M., Charruault, A., Cromer, S., & Dupuis, J. (2016). Rape and sexual assault in France: Initial findings of the VIRAGE survey. Population & Societies, 538(10), 1–4. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-population-and-societies-2016-10-page-1.htm
Harris, J. C. (2020). Women of color undergraduate students' experiences with campus sexual assault: An intersectional analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 44(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2020.0033.
Harris, J. C., Cobain, K. P., & Karunaratne, N. (2019). Reimagining the study of campus sexual assault. In Perna L. (Eds). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 1–47. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11743-6_12-1.
Hummer, J. F., Pedersen, Eric. R., Mirza, T., & LaBrie, J. W. (2010). Factors associated with general and sexual alcohol-related consequences: An examination of college students while studying abroad. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 47(4), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.6134
Hutcheson, S. (2020). Sexual violence, representation, and racialized identities: Implications for International Students. Education & Law Journal, 29(2), 191–221. http://ezproxy.usherbrooke.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/sexual-violence-representation-racialized/docview/2469845537/se-2?accountid=13835
Hutcheson, S., & Lewington, S. (2017). Navigating the labyrinth: Policy barriers to international students' reporting of sexual assault in Canada and the United States. Education & Law Journal, 27(1), 81-98. http://ezproxy.usherbrooke.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/navigating-labyrinth-policy-barriers/docview/1983614007/se-2?accountid=13835
Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118
Jackson, M., Ray, S., & Bybell, D. (2013). International students in the U.S.: Social and psychological adjustment. Journal of International Students, 3(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v3i1.515
Johnson, K. (2020). 21st century international higher education hotspots: International student mobility growth in non-traditional destination countries. Journal of International Students, 10(1), v–viii. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1851
Kalra, G., & Bhugra, D. (2013). Sexual violence against women: Understanding cross-cultural intersections. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.117139
Kimble, M., Flack Jr, W. F., & Burbridge, E. (2013). Study abroad increases risk for sexual assault in female undergraduates: A preliminary report. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(5), 426. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029608
Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., Ullman, S., West, C., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 237–270. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3
Linder, C., Grimes, N., Williams, B. M., & Lacy, M. C. (2020). What do we know about campus sexual violence? A content analysis of 10 years of research. The Review of Higher Education, 43(4), 1017-1040.
Molstad, T. D., Weinhardt, J. M., & Jones, R. (2021). Sexual assault as a contributor to academic outcomes in university: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211030247
Moylan, C. A., & Javorka, M. (2020). Widening the lens: An ecological review of campus sexual assault. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(1), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018756121
Nguyen, H., Grafsky, E., & Lambert-Shute, J. (2017). The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer international students: A systematic review. Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress, 1(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v1i1.39
Nguyen, M.-H., Serik, M., Vuong, T.-T., & Ho, M.-T. (2019). Internationalization and its discontents: Help-seeking behaviors of students in a multicultural environment regarding acculturative stress and depression. Sustainability, 11(7), 1865–1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071865
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). What is the profile of internationally mobile students? In Education at a Glance 2020: OECD Indicators (pp. 226–241). https://doi.org/10.1787/69096873-en
Ortensi, L. E., & Farina, P. (2020). Sexual violence victimisation among university students in Italy: A gendered intersectional quantitative approach. Genus, 76(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00101-7
Park, H. (2018). Violence against international students on North American university and college campuses: An intersectional, structural and global analysis. Canadian Woman Studies, 32(1–2). https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/view/37692
Pease, B., Goldingay, S., Hosken, N., & Nipperess, S. (Eds.). (2020). Doing critical social work: Transformative practices for social justice. Routledge.
Pedersen, E. R., DiGuiseppi, G., Klein, D. J., Davis, J. P., Farris, C., D’Amico, E. J., LaBrie, J. W., & Griffin, B. A. (2021). Sexual violence victimization among American college students studying abroad. Journal of American College Health, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1950733
Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, R., Cameron, R. P., Hugelshofer, D. S., Shaw-Hegwer, J., Thrailkill, A., Gusman, F. D., & Sheikh, J. I. (2003). The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1185/135525703125002360
Rouhani, S. (2014). Intersectionality-informed quantitative research: A primer. Vancouver, BC: Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, Simon Fraser University. https://www.ifsee.ulaval.ca/sites/ifsee.ulaval.ca/files/9eba2da23ab70bfadd9ca2e076af4a3a62cc.pdf
Sabina, C., & Ho, L. Y. (2014). Campus and college victim responses to sexual assault and dating violence: Disclosure, service utilization, and service provision. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(3), 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014521322
Scholl, J. A., Cogan, C., Micol, R. L., Steward, J., Hancock, K., & Davis, J. L. (2019). Physical and sexual violence on college campuses: Considerations for international students. Journal of American College Health, 69(3), 331-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1668398
Shapiro, S., Farrelly, R., & Tomas, Z. (2015). Fostering international student success in higher education. Alexandria, VA: TESOL International Association.
Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of intercultural relations, 35(6), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004
Statistics Canada. (2015). Visible minority of person. Immigration and ethnocultural diversity. http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DEC&Id=45152
Tamborra, T. L., Baker, A. N., Jeffries, S., Tempio, M., & Campbell, E. (2020). Criminal victimization experienced while studying abroad: An examination of rates and other relevant factors. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319861354
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of International Students
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All published articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License.