The journey of international counselors to be

Call for action

Authors

  • Nouna Jalilzadeh St. John's University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/339pxj63

Keywords:

international counseling students, intersectionality, counselor education, program experience, visa and licensure

Abstract

This qualitative phenomenological study examines the lived experiences of international mental health counseling master’s students with marginalized identities in the United States, using an intersectionality framework to illuminate the challenges they face and advocate for systemic change. Despite their growing presence in counselor education programs, limited research addresses their educational experiences, admissions processes, and supervisory needs. Through semi-structured interviews with 10 purposefully selected participants, four themes emerged: acculturation and adjustment, intersectional experiences, expectations from faculty and programs, and the intersection of visas and licensure. Findings reveal that participants frequently navigated isolation, discrimination, and inadequate institutional support while striving to adapt academically and professionally. The structural disconnect between visa timelines and licensure requirements emerged as a particularly significant barrier. This study underscores the importance of applying an intersectional lens within counselor education and offers targeted recommendations for programs, faculty, and supervisors seeking to better support this underserved and underresearched population.

References

Alharbi, E., & Smith, A. (2018). A review of the literature on stress and wellbeing among international students in English-speaking countries. International Education Studies, 11(5), 22-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n6p22

Altman, A. (2020). Discrimination. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

Ammigand, R., Drexlerd, M. L., Williamson, A. A., & Guerra, N. G. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among international students: Implications for university support offices. Journal of International Students, 9(1), 129–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i1.277

Amparbeng, D. B., & Pillay, Y. (2021). A conceptual framework for incorporating mentoring in the clinical supervision of international counseling students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 43(4), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-021-09448-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-021-09448-8

Berríos, R., & Lucca, N. (2006). Qualitative methodology in counseling research: Recent contributions and challenges for a new century. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00393.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00393.x

Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x

Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturation: A conceptual overview. Acculturation and Parent‒Child Relationships, 13–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415963589-2

Bista, K., & Gaulee, U. (2019). Recurring themes across fractal issues facing international students: A thematic analysis of 2016 dissertations and theses. Journal of International Students, 7(4), 1135–1151. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i4.198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i4.198

Boswell, J. N., Wilson, A. D., Stark, M. D., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2015). The role of mentoring relationships in counseling programs. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 4(3), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-03-2015-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-03-2015-0007

CACREP. (2023). CACREP vital statistics 2022: Results from a national survey of accredited programs. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

CACREP. (2025). CACREP vital statistics 2024: Results from a national survey of accredited programs. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

Chavajay, P., & Skowronek, J. (2008). Aspects of acculturation stress among international students attending a university in the USA. Psychological Reports, 103(3), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.827-835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.827-835

Chung, R. C.-Y., Bemak, F., & Talleyrand, R. M. (2007). Mentoring within the field of counseling: A preliminary study of multicultural perspectives. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 29(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9025-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9025-2

Ching, Y., Renes, S. L., McMurrow, S., Simpson, J., & Strange, A. T. (2017). Challenges facing Chinese international students studying in the United States. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(8), 473-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.3106

Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2020). Intersectionality (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.com/books?id=fyrfDwAAQBAJ

Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167.

Crenshaw, K. W. (2017). On intersectionality: Essential writings. The New Press.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2019). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.

Duenyas, D. L., Akcil, S., & Osborn, C. (2020). Professional adjustment experiences of international counseling graduates. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 42(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09386-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09386-6

Ekanoye, A. (2020). Multicultural issues in supervision-supervising international counseling students. Sciences, 9(2), 12–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20200902.12

George Mwangi, C. A., Changamire, N., & Mosselson, J. (2019). An intersectional understanding of African international graduate students’ experiences in U.S. higher education. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 12(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000076

Hansen, H. R., Shneyderman, Y., McNamara, G. S., & Grace, L. (2021). Assessing acculturative stress of international students at a US community college. International Students at U. S. Community Colleges, 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003121978-10

Institute of International Education. (2020). New international students enrollment, 2007/8–2019/20. Open doors report on international educational exchange. http://www.opendoorsdata.org

Interiano, C. G., & Lim, J. H. (2018). A “Chameleonic” Identity: Foreign-Born Doctoral Students in U.S. Counselor Education. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 40(3), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9328-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9328-0

Jang, Y. J., Woo, H., & Henfield, M. S. (2014). A qualitative study of challenges faced by international doctoral students in counselor education supervision courses. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(4), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-014-9342-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-014-9342-9

Joshi, A., Chan, C. D., & Graham, L. (2021). Convergences of oppression for international racially Minoritized doctoral students. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 11(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18401/2021.11.2.5

Kim, N., Oh, S., & Mumbauer, J. (2019). Supporting international students: Enhancing college counselors’ multicultural counseling competence. Journal of College Counseling, 22(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12129

Kuo, P., Woo, H., & Washington, A. (2018). Professional identity development of international counselor education doctoral students. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, 5(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2018.1452079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2018.1452079

Lee, C. C. (Ed.). (2014). Multicultural issues in counseling: New approaches to diversity. John Wiley & Sons.

Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International Student Perceptions of Discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381–409. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29735060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3

Lertora, I. M., & Croffie, A. L. (2020). The lived experiences of international students in a CACREP counseling program. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 42(2), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09394-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09394-6

Lertora, I. M., & Sullivan, J. M. (2019). The lived experiences of Chinese international students preparing for the university-to-work transition: A phenomenological qualitative study. The Qualitative Report, 24(8), 1877–1896. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3634

Li, J., Wang, Y., & Xiao, F. (2019). East Asian international students and psychological well-being: A systematic review. Journal of International Students, 4(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i4.450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i4.450

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8

Li, S., & Zizzi, S. (2018). A case study of international students’ social adjustment, friendship development, and physical activity. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.171

McIntosh, M. L. (2019). Compound fractures: Healing the intersectionality of racism, classism and trauma in schools with a trauma-informed approach as part of a social justice framework. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 3(1), n1.

Ng, K.-M. (2006). International students in CACREP-accredited counseling programs. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 34(1–2), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2006.12033821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2006.12033821

Nilsson, J. E., Butler, J., Shouse, S., & Joshi, C. (2008). The relationships among perfectionism, acculturation, and stress in Asian international students. Journal of College Counseling, 11(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2008.tb00031.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2008.tb00031.x

Postel, E. J. B. (2020). Violence against international students: A critical gap in the literature. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 21(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742385

Poyrazli, S., Grahame, K. M., & Manaj, K. (2007). Barriers to adjustment: Needs of international students within a semiurban campus community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28–45.

Poyrazli, S., Kavanaugh, P. R., Baker, A., & Al‐Timimi, N. (2004). Social support and demographic correlates of acculturative stress in international students. Journal of College Counseling, 7(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2004.tb00261.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2004.tb00261.x

Rudra, P. K. (2025). Examining the relationship between acculturation levels, help-seeking attitudes, and self-stigma perspectives among international students. Journal of International Students, 15(8), 121. https://doi.org/10.32674/n87fse48 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/n87fse48

Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. The American Psychologist, 65(4), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019330

Sümer, S., Poyrazli, S., & Grahame, K. (2008). Predictors of depression and anxiety among international students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00531.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00531.x

Torres, L., Driscoll, M. W., & Voell, M. (2012). Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, and Latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026710

Virella, Y. L. (2017). The Relationship Among Academic Advisement, Satisfaction and Productivity of International Doctoral Students in Rehabilitation Counseling Education in the United States. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

University of Southern California. (2021). What is USC’s definition of an international student? https://ask.usc.edu/app/answers/detail/a_id/722/~/what-is-uscs-definition-of-an-international-student%3F

Wadsworth, B. C., Hecht, M. L., & Jung, E. (2008). The role of identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation in international students’ educational satisfaction in American classrooms. Communication Education, 57(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701668407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701668407

Woo, H., Jang, Y. J., & Henfield, M. S. (2015). International doctoral students in counselor education: Coping strategies in supervision training. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43(4), 288–304. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmcd.12022. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12022

Xie, Q., Jiwani, Z., & Goldberg, S. B. (2026). A journey of acculturation and growth: An autoethnography of an international counseling psychologist in training. Journal of international students, 16(13), 73. https://doi.org/10.32674/hez23k80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/hez23k80

Yan, L., & Pei, S. (2018). “Home Away from Home”? How International Students Handle Difficult and Negative Experiences in American Higher Education. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 453–472. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.174

Yoon, E., & Portman, T. A. A. (2004). Critical issues of literature on counseling international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2004.tb00359.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2004.tb00359.x

Zhai, L., & Scheel, K. R. (2019). Challenges faced by international graduate students in the US: Implications for faculty and student affairs professionals. Journal of International Students, 9(3), 766–789.

Zhang, L., Wu, Y., & Wu, X. (2016). A causal framework for discovering and removing direct and indirect discrimination. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.07509. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.07509.pdf. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/549

Downloads

Published

2026-08-29

Issue

Section

Global Mobility, Policy, and Internationalization

Categories

How to Cite

Jalilzadeh, N. (2026). The journey of international counselors to be: Call for action. Journal of International Students, 16(19). https://doi.org/10.32674/339pxj63