Dimensionality and Reliability of the Intentions to Seeking Counseling Inventory with International Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i1.3327Keywords:
international students, exploratory factor analysis, help-seeking intentions, Intentions to Seek Counseling Inventory, dimensionalityAbstract
To date, the Intentions to Seek Counseling Inventory (ISCI) is the most widely used instrument to measure psychological help-seeking intentions. However, the ISCI is yet to be validated with international students. In this study, we examine the dimensionality and reliability of the ISCI by performing exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach alpha reliability analysis, and split-half reliability analysis in a sample of international students (N = 183). We find a two-factor, 15-item assessment that explains 49.92% of the common variance. Our findings provide support for the use of ISCI with international students, albeit with different dimensionality. Implications of the findings for both research and practice are discussed.
References
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Asso¬ciation, and National Council for Measurement in Education (AERA, APA, and NCME). (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC.
Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 16 (Series B), 296–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x
Cash, T. F., Begley, P. J., McCown, D. A., & Weise, B. C. (1975). When counselors are heard but not seen: Initial impact of physical attractiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 273 – 279. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076730
Cepeda-Benito, A., & Short, P. (1998). Self-concealment, avoidance of psychological services, and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.58
Chang, Y., Ali, S., Sau, A., Dong, S., Thornhill, C. W., Milian, P., & Castillo, L. G. (2021). Chinese international student sexual harassment on U.S. college campuses. Journal of International Students, 11. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i3.2678
Clough, B. A., Nazareth, S. M., Day, J. J., & Casey, L. M. (2019). A comparison of mental health literacy, attitudes, and help-seeking intentions among domestic and international tertiary students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 47, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1459473
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
Demyan, A. L., & Anderson, T. (2012). Effects of a brief media intervention on expectations, attitudes, and intentions of mental health help seeking. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 222–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026541
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fripp, J. A., & Carlson, R. G. (2017). Exploring the influence of attitude and stigma on participation of African American and Latino populations in mental health services. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45, 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12066
Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2006). Educational research: An introduction (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Garson, D. G. (2008). Factor analysis: Statnotes. North Carolina State University Public Administration Program. Retrieved from https://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/statnote.htm
Gim, R. H., Atkinson, D. R., & Whiteley, S. (1990). Asian-American acculturation, severity of concerns, and willingness to see a counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 281-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.37.3.281
Hammer, J. H., & Spiker, D. A. (2018). Dimensionality, reliability, and predictive evidence of validity for three help-seeking intention instruments: ISCI, GHSQ, and MHSIS. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65, 394-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000256
Hammer, J. H., & Vogel, D. L. (2013). Assessing the utility of the willingness/prototype model in predicting help-seeking decisions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030449
Hechanova-Alampay, R., Beehr, T. A., Christiansen, N. D., & Van Horn, R. K. (2012). Adjustment and strain among domestic and international student sojourners: A longitudinal study. School Psychology International, 23, 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034302234007
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
Hess, T. R., & Tracey, T. J. (2013). Psychological help-seeking intention among college students across three problem areas. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91, 321–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.15566676.2013.00100.x
Horne, S. V., Lin, S., Anson, M., & Jacobson, W. (2018). Engagement, satisfaction, and belonging of international undergraduates at U.S. research universities. Journal of International Students, 8, 351-374.
Hwang, B. J., Bennett, R., & Beauchemin, J. (2014). International students’ utilization of counseling services. College Student Journal, 48, 347-354.
Institute of International Education Open Doors. (2020). Enrollment Trends. Retrieved from https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/enrollment-trends/
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
Kane, M. T. (2016). Explicating validity. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 23(2), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594x.2015.1060192
Kang, J. Y. (2016). Help-seeking intention among college students: Cross-cultural study between East Asian international students and domestic students in the United States. Open Access Dissertation, 779. Retrieved from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/779
Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.40
Khanal, J., & Gaulee, U. (2019). Challenges of international students from pre-departure to post-study: A literature review. Journal of International Students, 9, 560-581.
Knekta, E., Runyon, C., & Eddy, S. (2019). One size doesn’t fit all: Using factor analysis to gather validity evidence when using surveys in your research. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 18, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-04-0064
Koo, K. K., Baker, I., & Yoon, J. (2021). The first year of acculturation: A longitudinal study on acculturative stress and adjustment among first-year international college students. Journal of International Students, 11, 278-298. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.1726
Koo, K., & Nyunt, G. (2020). Culturally sensitive assessment of mental health for international students. New Directions for Student Services, 169, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20343
Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R. E., & Tucker, J. R. (2014). Predicting self-esteem and intentions to seek counseling: The internalized stigma model. Counseling Psychologist, 43, 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000014541550
Lee, J. J. (2015). International student experiences of Neo-Racism and discrimination. International Higher Education, 44, 3-5.
Lee, E-J., Ditchman, N., Fong, M. W. M., Piper, L., & Feigon, M. (2014). Mental health service seeking among Korean international students in the United States: A path analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 639-655. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21643
Leong, P. (2015). Coming to America: Assessing the patterns of acculturation, friendship formation, and the academic experiences of international students at a US college. Journal of International Students, 5, 459-474.
Li, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Internet addiction and acculturative stress among international students in the United States. Journal of International Students, 11, 361-376. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.2092
Li, Y. P., Wong, J., & Toth, P. (2013). Asian international students’ willingness to seek counseling: A mixed-methods study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 35, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9163-7
Lian, Z., & Wallace, B. C. (2020). Prevalence of past-year mental disorders and its correlates among Chinese international students in US higher education. Journal of American College Health, 68, 176-184.
Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2014). Mental health help-seeking intentions among international and African American college students: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of International Students, 4, 137-149.
Moores, L., & Popadiuk, N. (2011). Positive aspects of international student transitions: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of College Student Development, 52, 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0040
Nguyen, M-H., Serik, M., Vuong, T-T., & Ho, M-T. (2019). Internationalization and its discontents: Help-seeking behaviors of students in a multicultural environment regarding acculturative stress and depression. Sustainability, 11, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071865
O'Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396-402.
Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, M. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 867-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009
Osborne, J. W. (2003). Effect sizes and the diattenuation of correlation and regression coefficients: Lessons from educational psychology. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8, 11. https://doi.org/10.7275/0k9h-tq64
Patil, V. H., Singh, S. N., Mishra, S., & Donavan, T. (2008). Efficient theory development and factor retention criteria: Abandon the ‘eigenvalue greater than one’ criterion. Journal of Business Research, 61(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.05.008
Pederson, E. L., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling: Testing a mediation model on college-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 373–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.373
Pheko, M. M., Chilisa, R., Balogun, S. K., & Kgathi, C. (2013). Predicting intentions to seek psychological help among Botswana university students: The role of stigma and help-seeking attitudes. Sage Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013494655
Ponce, F. Q., & Atkinson, D. R. (1989). Mexican-American acculturation, counselor ethnicity, counseling style, and perceived counselor credibility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 203-208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.203
Poyrazli, S. (2015). Psychological symptoms and concerns experienced by international students:
Outreach implications for counseling centers. Journal of International Students, 5, 306-312. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v5i3.424
Redden, E. (2019). International student well-being. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/31/panel-focuses-mental-health-needs-international-students
Rickwood, D., Thomas, K., & Bradford, S. (2012). Help-seeking measures in mental health: A rapid review. Retrieved from https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/02_Help-seeking-measures-in-mental-health.pdf.
Robertson, J. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: Preference for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 240-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.2.240
Safipour, J., Wenneberg, S., & Hadziabdic, E. (2017). Experience of education in the international classroom - A systematic literature review. Journal of International Students, 7, 806-824.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Nauta, M. (2015). Is homesickness a mini-grief? Development of a dual process model. Clinical Psychological Science, 4, 344-358.
Taliaferro, L. A., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Jeevanba, S. B. (2020). Factors associated with emotional distress and suicide ideation among international college students. Journal of American College Health, 68, 565-569.
Tang, X., Collier, D. A., & Witt, A. (2018). Qualitative study on Chinese students’ perception of U.S. university life. Journal of International Students, 8, 151-178.
The Advisory Board Company. (2014). Supporting international students on campus: 17 high impact practices to ensure student success. Washington, D.C.: Education Advisory Board – Student Affairs Forum. https://www.myacpa.org/resources-supporting-international-students-and-scholars
Tilliman, D. G. (2007). The utilization of counseling by the international student population on U.S. college and university campuses. Counselor Education Master’s Theses, 106. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/edc_theses/106/
Vivancos, R., Abubakar, I., & Hunter, P.R. (2009). Sexual behavior, drugs and alcohol use of international students at a British university: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 20, 619-622. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.008421
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
Wardle, J., Haase, A. M., & Steptoe, A. (2005). Body image and weight control in young adults: International comparisons in university students from 22 countries. International Journal of Obesity, 30, 644-651.
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the general help-seeking questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 39,15–28.
Wamser-Nanney, R., Nanney, J. T., & Constans, J. I. (2020). The Gun Behaviors and Beliefs Scale: Development of a new measure of gun behaviors and beliefs. Psychology of Violence, 10, 172-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000249
Wong, Y. J., Wang, K. T., & Maffini, C. S. (2013). Asian international students’ mental health-related outcomes: A person × context cultural framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 278–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000013482592
Xiong, Y. (2018). An exploration of Asian international students’ mental health: Comparisons to American students and other international students in the United States. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ohiou152595195493441&disposition=inline
Xiong, Y., & Yang, L. (2021). Asian international students’ help-seeking intentions and behavior in American postsecondary institutions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.11.007
Yakunina, E. S., & Weigold, I. K. (2011). Asian international students’ intentions to seek counseling: Integrating cognitive and cultural predictors. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2, 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024821
Young, J. T. (2017). Confucianism and accents: Understanding the plight of the Asian international student in the U.S. Journal of International Students, 7, 433-448. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i3.202
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of International Students
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All published articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License.
