The Experiences of International Doctoral Students During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Keywords:
International students, student experience, coping, Lazarus Theory of Stress, lockdown, pandemic, emotionsAbstract
This study explored the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on international doctoral students at a US university. It elicited narratives of coping with the lockdown and stress-reducing resources and strategies. The lockdown allowed students to focus on their work, and additional household and child caregiving roles required students to develop innovative coping practices. It also forced students without adequate social networks and community integration to experience more uncertainties. All respondents experienced strong disrupted emotions, e.g., anxiety and sadness. Social closeness was an effective stress antidote. Universities should create programs to expand and nurture students' social networks aligned with their interests and needs. Health policies and programs aimed at preventing and treating stress and burnout among doctoral students should focus on their social environment.
Downloads
References
Allen, H. K., Barrall, A. L., Vincent, K. B., & Arria, A. M. (2020). Stress and burnout among graduate students: Moderation by sleep duration and quality. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09867-8
Aubrey, R. (1991). International students on campus: A challenge for counselors, medical providers, and clinicians. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 62(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377319109516697
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Cena, E., Burns, S., & Wilson, P. (2021). Sense of belonging and the intercultural and academic experiences among international students at a university in Northern Ireland. Journal of International Students, 11(4), 812-831.
Chang, M. (2009). An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21, 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9106-y
Chang, M. L. (2013). Toward a theoretical model to understand teacher emotions and teacher burnout in the context of student misbehavior: Appraisal, regulation and coping. Motivation and Emotion, 37(4), 799–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9335-0
Chigbu, U. E. (2019). Visually hypothesising in scientific paper writing: Confirming and refuting qualitative research hypotheses using diagrams. Publications, 7 (1), 1-22.
Duchscher, J.B., & Myrick, F. (2008). The prevailing winds of oppression: Understanding the new graduate experience in acute care. Nursing Forum,43(4),191–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2008.00113.x
Fiorilli, C., Pepe, A., Buonomo, I., & Albanese, O. (2017). At-risk teachers: The association between burnout levels and emotional appraisal processes. The Open Psychology Journal, 10(1), 127–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101710010127
Gorski, P. C., & Chen, C. (2015). “Frayed All Over:” The Causes and Consequences of Activist Burnout Among Social Justice Education Activists. Educational Studies, 51(5), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2015.1075989
Heggins, W. J., & Jackson, J. F. (2003). Understanding the collegiate experience for Asian international students at a Midwestern research university. College Student Journal, 37(3), 379-392.
Johannessen, H.A., Tynes, T., & Sterud, T. (2013). Effects of occupational role conflict and emotional demands on subsequent psychological distress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182917899
Juárez-garcía, A., Idrovo, Á. J., Camacho-ávila, A., & Placencia-reyes, O. (2014). Síndrome de burnout en la población mexicana. Una revisión sistemática, 37(2), 159–176.
Keller, M. M., Chang, M. L., Becker, E. S., Goetz, T., & Frenzel, A. C. (2014). Teachers’ emotional experiences and exhaustion as predictors of emotional labor in the classroom: An experience sampling study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(DEC), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01442
Kim, B. S., Yang, P. H., Atkinson, D. R., Wolfe, M. M., & Hong, S. (2001). Cultural value similarities and differences among Asian American ethnic groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(4), 343-361.
Koo, K., Kim, Y. W., Lee, J., & Nyunt, G. (2021). “It’s My Fault”: Exploring Experiences and Mental Wellness Among Korean International Graduate Students. Journal of International Students, 11(4), 790-811.
Krasner, M. S., Epstein, R. M., Beckman, H., Suchman, A. L., Chapman, B., Mooney, C. J., & Quill, T. E. (2009). Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA, 302(12), 1284-1293. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1384
Laschinger, H.K.S., Wong, C.A., Grau, A.L. (2013). Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: a comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management,21(3), 541–52.
Labrague, L.J. & McEnroe-Petitte, D.M. (2018). Job stress in new nurses during the transition period: an integrative review. International Nurses Review., 65(4), 491–504.
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Toward better research on stress and coping. American Psychologist, 55(6), 665.
Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (p. 37–67). Oxford University Press.
Marinoni, G., Van’t Land, H., & Jensen, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on higher education around the world. IAU Global Survey Report.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M.P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry,15(2), 103–11.
Mukminin, A., & McMahon, B. J. (2013). International Graduate Students’ Cross-Cultural Academic Engagement: Stories of Indonesian Doctoral Students on an American Campus. The Qualitative Report, 18(35), 1-19.
Panagioti M, Panagopoulou E, Bower P, Lewith G, Kontopantelis E, Chew-Graham C, et al. (2017). Controlled interventions to reduce burnout in physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med,177(2), 195.
Rahman, O., & Rollock, D. (2004). Acculturation, competence, and mental health among South Asian students in the United States. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 130-142.
Rai, G. S. (2002). Meeting the educational needs of international students. International Social Work, 45(1), 21-33. doi:10.1177/0020872802045001312
Scherer, K.R. (2019) Studying appraisal-driven emotion processes: Taking stock and moving to the future. Cognition and Emotion, 33(1), 31-40, DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1510380
Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection: The case of international students. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-12.
Semel Institute (2020). How do you cope? Retrieved March 19, 2020 from https://www.semel.ucla.edu/dual-diagnosis-program/News_and_Resources/How_Do_You_Cope
Singleton, R.A., & Straits, B.C. (2005). Approaches to Social Research (4th ed). Oxford University Press.
Sustarsic, M., & Zhang, J. (2021). Navigating through uncertainty in the era of COVID-19: Experiences of international graduate students in the United States. Journal of International Students, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i1.3305
Tseng W, Newton F. (2002). International students' strategies for wellbeing. Coll Stud J. 36, 591–597.
Tharp Byers, V., N. Smith, R., Hwang, E., E. Angrove, K., I. Chandler, J., M. Christian, K., H. Dickerson, S., McAlister-Shields, L., P. Thompson, S., A. Denham, M., & J. Onwuegbuzie, A. (2014). Survival Strategies: Doctoral Students’ Perceptions of Challenges and Coping Methods. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 9, 109–136. https://doi.org/10.28945/2034
Vammen, M., Mikkelsen, S., Hansen, A., Bonde, J., Grynderup, M., Kolstad, H., Kærlev, L.,Mors, O., Rugulies, R., Thomsen, J.(2016). Emotional Demands at Work and the Risk of Clinical Depression: A Longitudinal Study in the Danish Public Sector. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 58(10), 994–1001, DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000849
World Health Organization (2019). Burnout an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases. Retrieve from https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/
Youth Hub, Network, G. H. W., & World Health Organization. (2019). Youth and decent work in the health and social care sector. An evidence synthesis, (May), 1–28.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Juan Pablo, Sanjeev Dahal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.