Distance/Sandwich Education and E-Learning Environment in Ghana
Towards a Policy Framework
Keywords:
Distance/Sandwich Education, E-Learning Environment, Face-to-Face Learning, Innovative Learning Environment (ILE), Policy FrameworkAbstract
In an attempt to have a citizenry comprehensibly educated to contribute significantly to the socio-economic development of the country, Ghana's Education Act 2008, 1(5-8), makes room for innovative learning: distance learning, lifelong educational programs, and open colleges. However, Ghana's higher education landscape reveals the continued dominance of the face-to-face mode of learning to the utmost neglect of other modes of innovative learning. This study shows that distance/sandwich education and e-learning environment in Ghana are stifled mainly because of high stigma, poor internet connectivity, and non-existence of national policies regulating higher learning through innovative educational programs. Through conceptual analysis, the study suggests a policy framework for enhancing higher learning through innovative modes of learning in Ghana's higher education institutions.
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References
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Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29-42.
Asiedu, K. E. & Kevor, M. (2016). Challenges of the implementation of e-learning in Ghana: The case of Presbyterian University College, Ghana. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227859159_Challenges_of_the_Implementation_of_E learning_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Presbyterian_University_College_Ghana July 21, 2019.
Badu-Nyarko, S. K. & Amponsah, S. (2016). Assessment of challenges in distance education at University of Ghana. Indian Journal of Open Learning, 25(2), 87-104.
Biney, I. K. (2017). Comparing face-to-face and online teaching and learning in higher education. MIER Journal of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 165 – 179.
Bordoloi, R. (2018). Transforming and empowering higher education through open and distance learning in India. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 13(1), 24-36.
Campbell, L. (2019). Teaching in an inspiring learning space: An investigation of the extent to which one school’s innovative learning environment has impacted teachers’ pedagogy and practice. Research Papers in Education, 1-20.
Chen, Z., Chia, A., & Bi, X. (2020). Promoting innovative learning in training and adult education–a Singapore Story. Studies in Continuing Education, 1-12.
Cheung, S. K. S., Kwok, L-F., Ma, W. W. K., Lee, L-K., & Yang, H., eds. (2017). Blended learning. New Challenges and Innovative Practices. Switzerland: Springer.
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Davey, B., Elliott, K., & Bora, M. (2019). Negotiating pedagogical challenges in the shift from face-to-face to fully online learning: A case study of collaborative design solutions by learning designers and subject matter experts. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 16(1), 3. doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007.
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Eshach, H. (2007). Bridging in-school and out-of-school learning: formal, non-formal, and informal education. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(2): 171-190.
Ferguson, R., Coughlan, T., Egelandsdal, K., Gaved, M., Herodotou, C., Hillaire, G., Jones, D., Jowers, I.,Kukulska-Hulme, A., McAndrew, P., Misiejuk, K., Ness, I. J., Rienties, B., Scanlon, E., Sharples, M., Wasson,B., Weller, M., & Whitelock, D. (2019). Innovating pedagogy 2019: Open University innovation report 7. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
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Gamble, C. (2011). Your training questions answered. Virginia: American Society for Training and Development.
Ghirardini, B. (2011). E-learning methodologies: A guide for designing and developing e-learning courses. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Han, F. & Ellis, R. A. (2019). Identifying consistent patterns of quality learning discussions in blended learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 40, 12-19.
Heck, D. J., Plumley, C. L., Stylianou, D. A., Smith, A. A., & Moffett, G. (2019). Scaling up innovative learning in mathematics: exploring the effect of different professional development approaches on teacher knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practice. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 1-24.
Hunter, M. A.& Rasmussen, H. T. (2018). Interactive learning environments: A three-tiered model toward digital fluency. Handbook of research on student-centered strategies in online adult learning environments. Edmonton: IGI Global, 365-384.
Internet Society. (2017). Internet access and education: Key considerations for policy makers. Retrieved from Internetsociety.org. July 15, 2019.
Jackson, F. (2000). From metaphysics to ethics: A defense of conceptual analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kanna, S. K. R.& Vikram, S. P. (2018). Reinforcing distance education through e-learning and e-assessment practices using ICT. The Online Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning, 6(2), 74-79.
Keengwe, J. & Kungu, K., eds. (2019). Handbook of research on cross-cultural online learning in higher education. Hershey: IGI Global.
Keengwe, J. ed. (2018). Handbook of research on blended learning pedagogies and professional development in higher education. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Kuhl, P. K., Liang, S. S., Guerriero, S., & van Damme, D. (2019). developing minds in the digital age: towards a science of learning for 21st century education. Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Kwarkye, E.O. (2019). Withdrawal of distance and sandwich trained teachers in senior high schools. Tease: St. Fidelis Senior High Tech, School.
Law, N., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2015). Pathways to enhance multilevel learning for scaling up systemic ICT-enabled learning innovations: Lessons from 7 European and Asian cases. Scaling Educational Innovations. Singapore: Springer, 197-223.
Leach, B. (2015). Self-paced learning-UniVerse Enquiry. North Carolina: Lulu.
Mannaro, K., Baralla, G., & Garau, C. (2017). A goal-oriented framework for analyzing and modeling city dashboards in smart cities. In International conference on Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions (pp. 179-195). Cham: Springer.
Megeid, N. S. A. (2014). E-learning versus blended learning in accounting. Quarterly Review of Distance Education Journal, 15(2), 35-55.
Mensah, D. K. D. (2016). Sandwich program enrolment: Policy and management implications for ghanaian higher education. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(5), 34-55.
Mensah, S. & Owusu-Mensah, F. (2002). Priorities and strategies for capacity building in tertiary distance education for human resources development in Ghana: a final report prepared for the World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200 1099079877269/547664 1099079956815/Ghana_capacity_building_En02.pdf July 2, 2019.
Navajo Technical University. (n.d.). Student e-learning policies & procedures. Retrieved from http://www.navajotech.edu/academics/e-learning July 17, 2019.
Nyagorme, P., Qua-Enoo, A. A., Bervell, B., & Arkorful, V. (2017). The awareness and use of electronic learning platforms: a case of a developing country. World Journal of Computer Application and Technology, 5(2), 13-23.
Okyireh, M. A. A. & Okyireh, R. O. (2018). ICT usage amongst university of ghana distance education learners, Koforidua, 52 63. Retrieved from http://publications.uew.edu.gh/2015/sites/default/files/52 63%20ICT%20Usage%20amongst%20University%20of%20Ghana%20Distance%20Education%20Learners.pdf July 10, 2019.
Oladejo, M. A.& Abiodun, M. G. (2014). Trends and future directions in open and distance learning practice in Africa. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(18), 132-139.
Oxford Business Group. (2013). Interconnections: Robust broadband connectivity and government initiatives buoy IT sector growth. The Report: Ghana, 2013. Retrieved from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/interconnections-robust-broadband-connectivity-and-government-initiatives-buoy-it-sector-growth January 23, 2020.
Picciano, A. G. (2006). Online learning: Implications for higher education pedagogy and policy. Journal of Thought, 41(1), 75-94.
Pittard, V. (2004). Evidence for e-learning policy. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 13(2), 181-194.
Roser, M. & Ortiz Ospina, E. (2019). Global rise of education. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education July 20, 2019.
Rowell, L. (2010). How government policy drives e-learning. E-Learning Magazine. Retrieved from https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=1872821 July 29, 2019.
San Francisco State University, Academic senate. (2012). S12 264. Retrieved from https://senate.sfsu.edu/document/s12-264 July 23, 2019.
Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: what works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10(1), 4-33.
Siddiqui, M. U. A., Saeed, H., & Farid, S. (2019). Online support services in e-learning: A Technology Acceptance Model. Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, 2(2), 22-29.
Simpson, O. (2018). Supporting students in online, open and distance learning. Abingdon: Routledge.
Smart, K.L. & Cappel, J.J. (2006). Students’ perceptions of online learning: A comparative study. Journal of Information Technology Education, 5, 201-2019.
Tagoe, M. (2012). Students’ perceptions on incorporating e-learning into teaching and learning at the University of Ghana. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,8, Issue 1, pp. 91-103.
Tsikata, P. Y., & Dotse, A. K. (2016). The accreditation challenges in transnational educational ecology: The Ghanaian experience. Retrieved from https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/The-Acreditation-Challenges_Full-Paper.pdf. July 12, 2019.
UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2017). Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017_0.pdf. July 27, 2019.
University of Cape Coast. (2019). Distance education. Retrieved from https://ucc.edu.gh/admission-notices/sandwich-admissions-undergraduate July 30, 2019
University of Ghana. (2014). MA Sandwich program. Retrieved from http://www.ug.edu.gh/esl/ma-sandwich-programme July 30, 2019.
University of Cape Town. (2017). Online education policy. Retrieved from https://www.uct.ac.za/sites/default/.../policies/Online_Education_Policy_2017.pdf July 29, 2019
University of Professional Studies. (2019). Evening school. Retrieved from https://upsa.edu.gh/index.php/2017-01-29-11-19-24/evening-school July 10, 2019.
Waterhouse, S. & Rogers, R. O. (2004). The importance of policies in e-learning instructions. Educause Quarterly, 27(3), 28-39.
Wright, R. D. (2014). Student-teacher interaction in online learning environments. Hershey: IGI Global.
Zhang, L. C., & Worthington, A. C. (2017). Scale and scope economies of distance education in Australian universities. Studies in Higher Education, 42(9), 1785-1799.
Afful-Arthur, P. (2016). Library services and user satisfaction for the sandwich student: The case of University of Cape Coast. Retrieved from https://erl.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3030/1/Library%20services%20and%20user%20satisfaction%20for%20the%20sandwich%20student_the%20case%20of%20University%20of%20Cape%20Coast.docx. July 30, 2019.
Arinto, P. (2016). Issues and challenges in open and distance-learning: Perspective from the Philippines. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(2), 162-180.
Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29-42.
Asiedu, K. E. & Kevor, M. (2016). Challenges of the implementation of e-learning in Ghana: The case of Presbyterian University College, Ghana. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227859159_Challenges_of_the_Implementation_of_E learning_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Presbyterian_University_College_Ghana July 21, 2019.
Badu-Nyarko, S. K. & Amponsah, S. (2016). Assessment of challenges in distance education at University of Ghana. Indian Journal of Open Learning, 25(2), 87-104.
Biney, I. K. (2017). Comparing face-to-face and online teaching and learning in higher education. MIER Journal of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 165 – 179.
Bordoloi, R. (2018). Transforming and empowering higher education through open and distance learning in India. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 13(1), 24-36.
Campbell, L. (2019). Teaching in an inspiring learning space: An investigation of the extent to which one school’s innovative learning environment has impacted teachers’ pedagogy and practice. Research Papers in Education, 1-20.
Chen, Z., Chia, A., & Bi, X. (2020). Promoting innovative learning in training and adult education–a Singapore Story. Studies in Continuing Education, 1-12.
Cheung, S. K. S., Kwok, L-F., Ma, W. W. K., Lee, L-K., & Yang, H., eds. (2017). Blended learning. New Challenges and Innovative Practices. Switzerland: Springer.
Colardyn, D. & Bjornavold, J. (2004). Validation of formal, non-formal and informal learning: policy and practices in EU member states. European Journal of Education, 39(1): 69-89.
Conrad, D. & Openo, J. (2018). Assessment strategies for online learning: Engagement and authenticity. Edmonton: AU Press.
Davey, B., Elliott, K., & Bora, M. (2019). Negotiating pedagogical challenges in the shift from face-to-face to fully online learning: A case study of collaborative design solutions by learning designers and subject matter experts. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 16(1), 3. doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007.
Dib, C. Z. (1988). Formal, non-formal and informal education: Concepts/applicability. Cooperative Networks in Physics Education - Conference Proceedings 173. New York: American Institute of Physics, 300-315.
Edumadze, J. K. & Barfi, K. A. (2015). Perceptions of senior high school students towards e-learning platform in some selected senior high schools in Cape Coast Metropolis. Retrieved from https://erl.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2955/1/Perceptions%20of%20Students%20towards%20eLearning%20copy.doc July 13, 2019.
Eshach, H. (2007). Bridging in-school and out-of-school learning: formal, non-formal, and informal education. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(2): 171-190.
Ferguson, R., Coughlan, T., Egelandsdal, K., Gaved, M., Herodotou, C., Hillaire, G., Jones, D., Jowers, I.,Kukulska-Hulme, A., McAndrew, P., Misiejuk, K., Ness, I. J., Rienties, B., Scanlon, E., Sharples, M., Wasson,B., Weller, M., & Whitelock, D. (2019). Innovating pedagogy 2019: Open University innovation report 7. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
Flew, A. (2018). Essays in conceptual analysis. New Jersey: Franklin Classics Trade Press.
Frostburg State University. (n.d.). The sofi program. PN 2.048. Retrieved from https://www.frostburg.edu/sofi/ 29/7/2019
Gaebel, M., Kupriyanova, V., Morais, R., & Colucci, E. (2014). E-learning in European higher education institutions. Belgium: European University Association.
Gamble, C. (2011). Your training questions answered. Virginia: American Society for Training and Development.
Ghirardini, B. (2011). E-learning methodologies: A guide for designing and developing e-learning courses. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Government of Ghana. (2019). The promise of blended learning in higher education. Retrieved from http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/68-features/1167-the-promise-of-blended-learning-in-higher-education July 30, 2019.
Han, F. & Ellis, R. A. (2019). Identifying consistent patterns of quality learning discussions in blended learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 40, 12-19.
Heck, D. J., Plumley, C. L., Stylianou, D. A., Smith, A. A., & Moffett, G. (2019). Scaling up innovative learning in mathematics: exploring the effect of different professional development approaches on teacher knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practice. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 1-24.
Hunter, M. A.& Rasmussen, H. T. (2018). Interactive learning environments: A three-tiered model toward digital fluency. Handbook of research on student-centered strategies in online adult learning environments. Edmonton: IGI Global, 365-384.
Internet Society. (2017). Internet access and education: Key considerations for policy makers. Retrieved from Internetsociety.org. July 15, 2019.
Jackson, F. (2000). From metaphysics to ethics: A defense of conceptual analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kanna, S. K. R.& Vikram, S. P. (2018). Reinforcing distance education through e-learning and e-assessment practices using ICT. The Online Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning, 6(2), 74-79.
Keengwe, J. & Kungu, K., eds. (2019). Handbook of research on cross-cultural online learning in higher education. Hershey: IGI Global.
Keengwe, J. ed. (2018). Handbook of research on blended learning pedagogies and professional development in higher education. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Kuhl, P. K., Liang, S. S., Guerriero, S., & van Damme, D. (2019). developing minds in the digital age: towards a science of learning for 21st century education. Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Kwarkye, E.O. (2019). Withdrawal of distance and sandwich trained teachers in senior high schools. Tease: St. Fidelis Senior High Tech, School.
Law, N., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2015). Pathways to enhance multilevel learning for scaling up systemic ICT-enabled learning innovations: Lessons from 7 European and Asian cases. Scaling Educational Innovations. Singapore: Springer, 197-223.
Leach, B. (2015). Self-paced learning-UniVerse Enquiry. North Carolina: Lulu.
Mannaro, K., Baralla, G., & Garau, C. (2017). A goal-oriented framework for analyzing and modeling city dashboards in smart cities. In International conference on Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions (pp. 179-195). Cham: Springer.
Megeid, N. S. A. (2014). E-learning versus blended learning in accounting. Quarterly Review of Distance Education Journal, 15(2), 35-55.
Mensah, D. K. D. (2016). Sandwich program enrolment: Policy and management implications for ghanaian higher education. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(5), 34-55.
Mensah, S. & Owusu-Mensah, F. (2002). Priorities and strategies for capacity building in tertiary distance education for human resources development in Ghana: a final report prepared for the World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200 1099079877269/547664 1099079956815/Ghana_capacity_building_En02.pdf July 2, 2019.
Navajo Technical University. (n.d.). Student e-learning policies & procedures. Retrieved from http://www.navajotech.edu/academics/e-learning July 17, 2019.
Nyagorme, P., Qua-Enoo, A. A., Bervell, B., & Arkorful, V. (2017). The awareness and use of electronic learning platforms: a case of a developing country. World Journal of Computer Application and Technology, 5(2), 13-23.
Okyireh, M. A. A. & Okyireh, R. O. (2018). ICT usage amongst university of ghana distance education learners, Koforidua, 52 63. Retrieved from http://publications.uew.edu.gh/2015/sites/default/files/52 63%20ICT%20Usage%20amongst%20University%20of%20Ghana%20Distance%20Education%20Learners.pdf July 10, 2019.
Oladejo, M. A.& Abiodun, M. G. (2014). Trends and future directions in open and distance learning practice in Africa. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(18), 132-139.
Oxford Business Group. (2013). Interconnections: Robust broadband connectivity and government initiatives buoy IT sector growth. The Report: Ghana, 2013. Retrieved from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/interconnections-robust-broadband-connectivity-and-government-initiatives-buoy-it-sector-growth January 23, 2020.
Picciano, A. G. (2006). Online learning: Implications for higher education pedagogy and policy. Journal of Thought, 41(1), 75-94.
Pittard, V. (2004). Evidence for e-learning policy. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 13(2), 181-194.
Roser, M. & Ortiz Ospina, E. (2019). Global rise of education. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education July 20, 2019.
Rowell, L. (2010). How government policy drives e-learning. E-Learning Magazine. Retrieved from https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=1872821 July 29, 2019.
San Francisco State University, Academic senate. (2012). S12 264. Retrieved from https://senate.sfsu.edu/document/s12-264 July 23, 2019.
Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: what works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10(1), 4-33.
Siddiqui, M. U. A., Saeed, H., & Farid, S. (2019). Online support services in e-learning: A Technology Acceptance Model. Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, 2(2), 22-29.
Simpson, O. (2018). Supporting students in online, open and distance learning. Abingdon: Routledge.
Smart, K.L. & Cappel, J.J. (2006). Students’ perceptions of online learning: A comparative study. Journal of Information Technology Education, 5, 201-2019.
Tagoe, M. (2012). Students’ perceptions on incorporating e-learning into teaching and learning at the University of Ghana. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,8, Issue 1, pp. 91-103.
Tsikata, P. Y., & Dotse, A. K. (2016). The accreditation challenges in transnational educational ecology: The Ghanaian experience. Retrieved from https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/The-Acreditation-Challenges_Full-Paper.pdf. July 12, 2019.
UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2017). Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017_0.pdf. July 27, 2019.
University of Cape Coast. (2019). Distance education. Retrieved from https://ucc.edu.gh/admission-notices/sandwich-admissions-undergraduate July 30, 2019
University of Ghana. (2014). MA Sandwich program. Retrieved from http://www.ug.edu.gh/esl/ma-sandwich-programme July 30, 2019.
University of Cape Town. (2017). Online education policy. Retrieved from https://www.uct.ac.za/sites/default/.../policies/Online_Education_Policy_2017.pdf July 29, 2019
University of Professional Studies. (2019). Evening school. Retrieved from https://upsa.edu.gh/index.php/2017-01-29-11-19-24/evening-school July 10, 2019.
Waterhouse, S. & Rogers, R. O. (2004). The importance of policies in e-learning instructions. Educause Quarterly, 27(3), 28-39.
Wright, R. D. (2014). Student-teacher interaction in online learning environments. Hershey: IGI Global.
Zhang, L. C., & Worthington, A. C. (2017). Scale and scope economies of distance education in Australian universities. Studies in Higher Education, 42(9), 1785-1799.
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Distance/Sandwich Education and E-Learning Environment in Ghana: Towards a Policy Framework. (2022). Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 10(2), 93-108. https://ojed.org/jise/article/view/3269
