Magnetizing public education
The lingering effects of magnet schools in the Cincinnati public school district, OH
Keywords:
Magnet Schools, Race, Income Levels, School Choice, Neo-liberalismAbstract
This paper examines the racial and socioeconomic enrollment patterns resulting from magnet school programs in the Cincinnati Public School district (Ohio). The analysis employs the measure of interracial exposure and independent t-tests to compare magnet schools with non-magnet schools across eight years, 1999-2006, and finds that there are significance differences in racial exposure and neighborhood income level of student populations. Further, magnet school literature is reviewed in the context of the "roll-out" of market-oriented Neoliberal policy reforms where emergence of these reforms coincides with Civil Rights era desegregation, resulting in ‘voluntary choice’ of magnet schools as the court accepted and government supported policy reform. This research is integral in broadening the discourse of contemporary school choice debates.
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References
Board of Education policy 5111.4 (1977). Cincinnati Public Schools.
Apple, M. W. (2001). Comparing Neo-liberal projects and inequality in education. Comparative Education, 37(4), 409-423.
Archbald, D. A. (2004). School choice, magnet schools, and the Liberation model: An empirical study. Sociology of Education, 77(4), 283-310.
Armor, D. J. (1989). After busing: Education and choice. Public Interest, 95, 24-37.
Asher, C. (1990). Using magnet schools for desegregation: Some suggestions from the research. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet Schools: Recent Developments and Perspectives (3-30). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Banks, B. and Green, D. D. (2008). Are magnet schools the answer to integrating schools? Diverse, Issues in Higher Education, 25(3), 27.
Bass, G. V. (1978). A study of alternatives in American education, Vol. 1: District policies and the implementation of change. Santa Monica: National Institute of Education.
Basu, R. (2004). The rationalization of Neoliberalism in Ontario's public education system, 1995-2000. Geoforum, 35, 621-634.
Blank, R. K., Dentler, R. A., Baltzell, D. C., and Chabotar, K. (1983). Guide to magnet school development. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Budget and Evaluation.
Blank, R. K., Dentler, R. A., Baltzell, D. C., and Chabotar, K. (1983). Survey of magnet schools: Analyzing a model for quality integrated education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Budget, and Evaluation.
Bortin, B. H. (1982). Magnet school program: Evaluation report, 1980-1981. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Department of Educational Research and Program Assessment.
Brenner, N. and Theodore N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of "actually existing Neoliberalism". In Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (2-32). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Brenner, N. and Theodore N. (2002). Preface: From the "new localism" to the spaces of Neoliberalism. In Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (341-347). Malen: Blackwell Publishing.
Brown, L. H., Beckett, G. H., and Beckett, K. S. (2006). Segregation, desegregation, and resegregation in Cincinnati: The perspective of an African American principal. Journal of School Leadership, 16, 265-291.
Bush, L., Burley, H., and Causey-Bush T. (2001). Magnet schools: Desegregation or resegregation? American Secondary Education, 29(3), 33-50.
Christenson, B., Eaton, M., Garet, M. S., Miller, L. C., Hikawa, H., and DuBois, P. (2003). Evaluation of the magnet schools assistance program, 1998 grantees. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of the Under Secretary Policy and Program Studies Service.
Clewell, B. C. and Joy, M. F. (1990). Evaluation of a magnet school system: A case study approach. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools: Recent developments and perspectives (161-199). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Collins, D. and Coleman, T. (2008). Social geographies of education: Looking within, and beyond, school boundaries. Geography Compass, 2(1), 281-299.
Conway, D. and Heynen, N. (2006). The ascendancy of Neoliberalism and emergence of contemporary globalization. In D. Conway and N. Heynen (Eds.), Globalization's contradictions: Geographies of discipline, destruction, and transformation (17-34). New York: Routledge.
Crim, A. A. and Emmons, N. J. (1984). Desegregation in the Atlanta Public Schools: A historical overview. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (149-160). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Davies, B. and Bansel, P. (2007). Neoliberalism and education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20(3), 247-259.
Dentler, R. A. (1984). The Boston school desegregation plan. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (59-80). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Dentler, R. A. (1990). Conclusions from a national study. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools: Recent development and perspectives (59-83). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Eaton, S. E. (1996). Slipping toward segregation: Local control and eroding desegregation in Montgomery County. In G. Orfield and S. E. Eaton (Eds.), Dismantling desegregation: The quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (207-240). New York: The New Press.
Erkins, E. K. (2002). A case study of desegregation in Cincinnati Public Schools: 1974 to 1994. Education Foundations. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati.
Fischer, B. (2009, July 26). Diversity loss concerns CPS parents. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved from http://archive.cincinnati.com/article/20090726/NEWS0102/907270305/ Diversity-loss-concerns-CPS-parents.
Gersti-Pepin, C. (2002). Magnet schools: A retrospective case study of segregation. The High School Journal, Feb/Mar, 47-52.
Goldring, E. and Smrekar, C. (2000). Magnet schools and the pursuit of racial balance. Education and Urban Policy, 33(1), 17-35.
Gravetter, F. J. and Wallnau, L. B. (1985). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
Hackworth, J. (2007). The Neoliberal city: Governance, ideology, and development in American urbanism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hanson Thiem, C. (2009). Thinking through education: the geographies of contemporary educational restructuring. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 154-173.
Harris, J. J, III, Ford, D. Y., Wilson, P. I., and Sandidge, R. F. (1991). What should our public choose?: The debate over school choice policy. Education and Urban Society, 23(2), 159-174.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Henig, J. R. (1995). Race and choice in Montgomery County, Maryland, magnet schools. Teachers College Record, 96(4), 729-734.
Henig, J. R. (1996). The local dynamics of choice: Ethnic preferences and institutional responses. In B. Fuller, R. F. Elmore, and G. Orfield (Eds.) Who chooses? Who loses?: culture, institutions, and the unequal effects of school choice (95-117). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
Herod, A. and Aguia, L. (2006). Introduction: Geographies of Neoliberalism. Antipode, 38(3), (435-439).
Holloway, S. L., Hubbard, P., Jöns, H., and Pimlott-Wilson, H. (2010). Geographies of education and the significance of children, youth and families. Progress in Human Geography, 34(5), 583-600.
Kachigan, Sam Kash. "Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Conceptual Introduction." New York: 1991.
Karsten, S. (1999). Neoliberal education reform in the Netherlands. Comparative Education, 35(3), 303-317.
Levine, D. U. and Eubanks, E. F. (1990). Desegregation and regional magnetization. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools, recent developments and perspectives (49-58). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Lipman, P. (2004). High stakes education: Inequality, globalization, and urban school reform. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
McMillan, C. B. (1980). Magnet schools: An approach to voluntary desegregation. Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundations.
Meeks, L. F., Meeks, W. A., and Warren, C. A. (2000). Racial desegregation: Magnet schools, vouchers, privatization, and home schooling. Education and Urban Society, 33(1), 88-101.
Metz, M. (1990). Magnet schools and the reform of public schooling. In W. L. Boyd and H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Choice in education: Potential and problems (123-148). Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing.
Morris, J. E. and Goldring, E. (1999). Are magnet schools more equitable? Equity & Excellence in Education, 59-65.
Orange, C. (2002). The quick reference guide to educational innovations. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.
Orfield, G. (2001). Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation. Cambridge: The Civil Rights Project: Harvard University.
Pearson, J. (1993). Myths of educational choice. Westport: Praeger.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2002). Neoliberalizing space. In N. Brenner and N. Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (380-404). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2007). Conceptualizing Neoliberalism, thinking Thatcherism. In H. Leitner, J. Peck, and E. Sheppard (Eds.), Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban frontiers (26-50). New York: The Guilford Press.
Raywid, M. A. (1985). Family choice arrangements in public schools: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 435-467.
Rossell, C. H. (1985). What is attractive about magnet schools? Urban Education, 20(1), 7-22.
Rossell, C. H. (1988). How effective are voluntary plans with magnet schools? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10(4), 325-342.
Rossell, C. H. (1990). The carrot or the stick for school desegregation policy: Magnet schools or forced busing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rossell, C. H. (1990). The carrot or the stick for school desegregation policy? Urban Affairs Quarterly, 25(3), 474-499.
Rossell, C. H. (2003). The desegregation efficiency of magnet schools. Urban Affairs Review 38(5), 697-725.
Rossell, C. H. and Armor, D. J. (1996). The effectiveness of school desegregation plans, 1968-1991. American Political Quarterly, 24(3), 267-302.
Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: Gentrification as global urban strategy. In N. Brenner and N. Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (80-103). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Warren, C. (1978). The magnet school boom: Implications for desegregation. Equal Opportunity Review, 78, 2-5.
West, K. C. (1994). A desegregation tool that backfired: Magnet schools and classroom segregation. Yale Law Journal, 103.
Willie, C. V. and Fultz, M. (1984). Comparative analysis of model school desegregation. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (197-214). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Willie, C. V. and Fultz, M. (1984). Do mandatory plans foster white flight? In Charles Vert Willie (Ed.) School desegregation plans that work (163-172). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Yancey, W. L. and Saporito, S. J. (1995). Racial and economic segregation and educational outcomes: One tale – two cities. Applied Behavioral Science Review, 3(2), 105-125.
Yu, C. M. and Taylor, W. L. (1997). Difficult choices: Do magnet schools serve children in need? Washington, D.C.: Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights.
Apple, M. W. (2001). Comparing Neo-liberal projects and inequality in education. Comparative Education, 37(4), 409-423.
Archbald, D. A. (2004). School choice, magnet schools, and the Liberation model: An empirical study. Sociology of Education, 77(4), 283-310.
Armor, D. J. (1989). After busing: Education and choice. Public Interest, 95, 24-37.
Asher, C. (1990). Using magnet schools for desegregation: Some suggestions from the research. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet Schools: Recent Developments and Perspectives (3-30). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Banks, B. and Green, D. D. (2008). Are magnet schools the answer to integrating schools? Diverse, Issues in Higher Education, 25(3), 27.
Bass, G. V. (1978). A study of alternatives in American education, Vol. 1: District policies and the implementation of change. Santa Monica: National Institute of Education.
Basu, R. (2004). The rationalization of Neoliberalism in Ontario's public education system, 1995-2000. Geoforum, 35, 621-634.
Blank, R. K., Dentler, R. A., Baltzell, D. C., and Chabotar, K. (1983). Guide to magnet school development. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Budget and Evaluation.
Blank, R. K., Dentler, R. A., Baltzell, D. C., and Chabotar, K. (1983). Survey of magnet schools: Analyzing a model for quality integrated education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Budget, and Evaluation.
Bortin, B. H. (1982). Magnet school program: Evaluation report, 1980-1981. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Department of Educational Research and Program Assessment.
Brenner, N. and Theodore N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of "actually existing Neoliberalism". In Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (2-32). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Brenner, N. and Theodore N. (2002). Preface: From the "new localism" to the spaces of Neoliberalism. In Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (341-347). Malen: Blackwell Publishing.
Brown, L. H., Beckett, G. H., and Beckett, K. S. (2006). Segregation, desegregation, and resegregation in Cincinnati: The perspective of an African American principal. Journal of School Leadership, 16, 265-291.
Bush, L., Burley, H., and Causey-Bush T. (2001). Magnet schools: Desegregation or resegregation? American Secondary Education, 29(3), 33-50.
Christenson, B., Eaton, M., Garet, M. S., Miller, L. C., Hikawa, H., and DuBois, P. (2003). Evaluation of the magnet schools assistance program, 1998 grantees. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of the Under Secretary Policy and Program Studies Service.
Clewell, B. C. and Joy, M. F. (1990). Evaluation of a magnet school system: A case study approach. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools: Recent developments and perspectives (161-199). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Collins, D. and Coleman, T. (2008). Social geographies of education: Looking within, and beyond, school boundaries. Geography Compass, 2(1), 281-299.
Conway, D. and Heynen, N. (2006). The ascendancy of Neoliberalism and emergence of contemporary globalization. In D. Conway and N. Heynen (Eds.), Globalization's contradictions: Geographies of discipline, destruction, and transformation (17-34). New York: Routledge.
Crim, A. A. and Emmons, N. J. (1984). Desegregation in the Atlanta Public Schools: A historical overview. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (149-160). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Davies, B. and Bansel, P. (2007). Neoliberalism and education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20(3), 247-259.
Dentler, R. A. (1984). The Boston school desegregation plan. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (59-80). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Dentler, R. A. (1990). Conclusions from a national study. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools: Recent development and perspectives (59-83). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Eaton, S. E. (1996). Slipping toward segregation: Local control and eroding desegregation in Montgomery County. In G. Orfield and S. E. Eaton (Eds.), Dismantling desegregation: The quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (207-240). New York: The New Press.
Erkins, E. K. (2002). A case study of desegregation in Cincinnati Public Schools: 1974 to 1994. Education Foundations. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati.
Fischer, B. (2009, July 26). Diversity loss concerns CPS parents. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved from http://archive.cincinnati.com/article/20090726/NEWS0102/907270305/ Diversity-loss-concerns-CPS-parents.
Gersti-Pepin, C. (2002). Magnet schools: A retrospective case study of segregation. The High School Journal, Feb/Mar, 47-52.
Goldring, E. and Smrekar, C. (2000). Magnet schools and the pursuit of racial balance. Education and Urban Policy, 33(1), 17-35.
Gravetter, F. J. and Wallnau, L. B. (1985). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
Hackworth, J. (2007). The Neoliberal city: Governance, ideology, and development in American urbanism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hanson Thiem, C. (2009). Thinking through education: the geographies of contemporary educational restructuring. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 154-173.
Harris, J. J, III, Ford, D. Y., Wilson, P. I., and Sandidge, R. F. (1991). What should our public choose?: The debate over school choice policy. Education and Urban Society, 23(2), 159-174.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Henig, J. R. (1995). Race and choice in Montgomery County, Maryland, magnet schools. Teachers College Record, 96(4), 729-734.
Henig, J. R. (1996). The local dynamics of choice: Ethnic preferences and institutional responses. In B. Fuller, R. F. Elmore, and G. Orfield (Eds.) Who chooses? Who loses?: culture, institutions, and the unequal effects of school choice (95-117). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
Herod, A. and Aguia, L. (2006). Introduction: Geographies of Neoliberalism. Antipode, 38(3), (435-439).
Holloway, S. L., Hubbard, P., Jöns, H., and Pimlott-Wilson, H. (2010). Geographies of education and the significance of children, youth and families. Progress in Human Geography, 34(5), 583-600.
Kachigan, Sam Kash. "Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Conceptual Introduction." New York: 1991.
Karsten, S. (1999). Neoliberal education reform in the Netherlands. Comparative Education, 35(3), 303-317.
Levine, D. U. and Eubanks, E. F. (1990). Desegregation and regional magnetization. In N. Estes, D. U. Levine, and D. R. Waldrip (Eds.), Magnet schools, recent developments and perspectives (49-58). Austin: Morgan Printing & Publishing.
Lipman, P. (2004). High stakes education: Inequality, globalization, and urban school reform. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
McMillan, C. B. (1980). Magnet schools: An approach to voluntary desegregation. Bloomington: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundations.
Meeks, L. F., Meeks, W. A., and Warren, C. A. (2000). Racial desegregation: Magnet schools, vouchers, privatization, and home schooling. Education and Urban Society, 33(1), 88-101.
Metz, M. (1990). Magnet schools and the reform of public schooling. In W. L. Boyd and H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Choice in education: Potential and problems (123-148). Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing.
Morris, J. E. and Goldring, E. (1999). Are magnet schools more equitable? Equity & Excellence in Education, 59-65.
Orange, C. (2002). The quick reference guide to educational innovations. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.
Orfield, G. (2001). Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation. Cambridge: The Civil Rights Project: Harvard University.
Pearson, J. (1993). Myths of educational choice. Westport: Praeger.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2002). Neoliberalizing space. In N. Brenner and N. Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (380-404). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2007). Conceptualizing Neoliberalism, thinking Thatcherism. In H. Leitner, J. Peck, and E. Sheppard (Eds.), Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban frontiers (26-50). New York: The Guilford Press.
Raywid, M. A. (1985). Family choice arrangements in public schools: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 435-467.
Rossell, C. H. (1985). What is attractive about magnet schools? Urban Education, 20(1), 7-22.
Rossell, C. H. (1988). How effective are voluntary plans with magnet schools? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10(4), 325-342.
Rossell, C. H. (1990). The carrot or the stick for school desegregation policy: Magnet schools or forced busing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rossell, C. H. (1990). The carrot or the stick for school desegregation policy? Urban Affairs Quarterly, 25(3), 474-499.
Rossell, C. H. (2003). The desegregation efficiency of magnet schools. Urban Affairs Review 38(5), 697-725.
Rossell, C. H. and Armor, D. J. (1996). The effectiveness of school desegregation plans, 1968-1991. American Political Quarterly, 24(3), 267-302.
Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: Gentrification as global urban strategy. In N. Brenner and N. Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (80-103). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Warren, C. (1978). The magnet school boom: Implications for desegregation. Equal Opportunity Review, 78, 2-5.
West, K. C. (1994). A desegregation tool that backfired: Magnet schools and classroom segregation. Yale Law Journal, 103.
Willie, C. V. and Fultz, M. (1984). Comparative analysis of model school desegregation. In C. V. Willie (Ed.), School desegregation plans that work (197-214). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Willie, C. V. and Fultz, M. (1984). Do mandatory plans foster white flight? In Charles Vert Willie (Ed.) School desegregation plans that work (163-172). Westport: Greenwood Press.
Yancey, W. L. and Saporito, S. J. (1995). Racial and economic segregation and educational outcomes: One tale – two cities. Applied Behavioral Science Review, 3(2), 105-125.
Yu, C. M. and Taylor, W. L. (1997). Difficult choices: Do magnet schools serve children in need? Washington, D.C.: Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights.
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2015-05-04
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Magnetizing public education: The lingering effects of magnet schools in the Cincinnati public school district, OH. (2015). Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 3(2), 7-32. https://ojed.org/jise/article/view/1471
