A Longitudinal Study on International Students’ Stress, Problem Focused Coping and Cross-Cultural Adaptation in China 来华留学生跨文化压力应对和适应研究
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10iS(3).1774Keywords:
International Students’ Stress, Problem Focused Coping and Cross-Cultural Adaptation in China 来华留学生跨文化压力应对和适应研究Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal study to explore how the relationship between perceived cultural distance, stress- and problem-focused coping strategies may influence socio-cultural adaptation for international students in China. We collected longitudinal data on overseas students during the Fall semester of September 2013. Data were recollected 90 days later. The results show that: (1) perceived cultural distance did not predict the outcome of socio-cultural adaptation; (2) non-Asian students used more problem-focused coping strategies than Asian students; (3) interaction effect between stress, coping strategy and culture of origin is significant: for non-Asian students, problem-focused coping strategies alleviated the negative impact of stress on adaptation; and for Asian students, problem-focused coping strategies exacerbated the negative impact of stress on adaptation.有研究显示个体和集体主义文化背景下，人们应对跨文化适应压力的方式不同，但目前还缺乏在非西方背景下对相关结论的验证。因此，本研究以来华留学生为研究对象，采用纵向设计，探究了文化距离、压力和问题应对策略与社会文化适应之间的相关关系。研究对象为121名在华留学生（亚洲人=52人，非亚洲人=69人），数据收集间隔90天。研究发现：(1) 感知文化距离不能预测社会文化适应结果；(2) 非亚洲留学生相比亚洲留学生使用更多问题中心应对策略；(3) 压力X应对X种族的交互效应显著：对非亚洲群体，问题中心应对策略能够缓解压力对于适应的消极影响；而对亚洲群体而言，问题中心应对策略加剧了压力对于适应的消极影响。
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Lam, A. G., & Zane, N. W. (2004). Ethnic differences in coping with interpersonal stressors: A test of self-construals as cultural mediators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,35(4), 446-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104266108
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY, US: Springer publishing company.
Mähönen, T. A., & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2013). Acculturation expectations and experiences as predictors of ethnic migrants’ psychological well-being.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(5), 786-806. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112466699
Nesdale, D., & Mak, A. S. (2003). Ethnic identification, self-esteem and immigrant psychological health.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,27(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00062-7
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Aldwin, C. M. (2007).Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Babiker, I. E., Cox, J. L., & Miller, P. M. (1980). The measurement of cultural distance and its relationship to medical consultations, symptomatology and examination performance of overseas students at Edinburgh University.Social Psychiatry,15(3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00578141
Belyavina, R. (2013). US students in China: Meeting the goals of the 100,000 strong initiative.New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures.International journal of Intercultural Relations,29(6), 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Bodomo, A. (2014). The African traveller and the Chinese customs official: Ethnic minority profiling at border check points in Hong Kong and China?.Journal of African American Studies,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-014-9289-2
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Cervantes, R. C., & Castro, F. G. (1985). Stress, coping, and Mexican American mental health: A systematic review.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,7(1), 1-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863850071001
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.Psychological Bulletin,98(2), 310.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
Chun, C. A., Moos, R. H., & Cronkite, R. C. (2006). Culture: A fundamental context for the
stress and coping paradigm. In P. T. P. Wong & L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of
multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 29–53). New York, NY: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_2
Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,13(4), 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.347
Demes, K. A., & Geeraert, N. (2015). The highs and lows of a cultural transition: A longitudinal analysis of sojourner stress and adaptation across 50 countries.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,109(2), 316-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000046
English, A. S., Zeng, Z. J., & Ma, J. H. (2015). The stress of studying in China: primary and secondary coping interaction effects. SpringerPlus,4(1), 755. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1540-3
English, A. S., Allison, J., & Ma, J. H. (2016). Understanding Western students: Motivations and benefits for studying in China. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(8), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i8.1499
Forster, N. (1997). 'The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates': A reappraisal.International Journal of Human Resource Management,8(4), 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/095851997341531
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50(5), 992-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992
Fock, H., Hui, M. K., Au, K., & Bond, M. H. (2013). Moderation effects of power distance on the relationship between types of empowerment and employee satisfaction.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112443415
Galchenko, I., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2007). The role of perceived cultural distance in the acculturation of exchange students in Russia.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,31(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.004
Hashim, I. H., & Zhiliang, Y. (2003). Cultural and gender differences in perceiving stressors: A cross-cultural investigation of African and Western students in Chinese colleges. Stress and Health, 19(4), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.978
Heppner, P. P. (2008). Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of applied problem solving and coping: From stages to dimensions to the almost forgotten cultural context. American Psychologist, 68, 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.805
Heppner, P. P., Weisz, J. R., Neville, H. A., & Kanagui-Mu-oz, M. (2014). A cultural and contextual model of coping. In F. T. L. Leong, L. Comas-Díaz, G. C. Nagayama Hall, V. C. McLoyd, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 2: Applications and training. APA handbooks in psychology (pp. 83-106). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14187-005
Jose, P & Huntsinger, C. (2005) Moderation and mediation effects of coping by Chinese American and European American adolescents, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(1), 16-44. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.166.1.16-44
Jose, P. E., & Schurer, K. (2010). Cultural differences in coping among New Zealand adolescents.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109348783
Jose, P., Ward, C., & Liu, J. H. (2007). Cross-cultural adaptation of Asian and Western international students in New Zealand.Casting the Individual in Societal and Cultural Contexts, 205-224.
Jose, P. E., Cafasso, L. L., & D’Anna, C. A. (1994). Ethnic group differences in children’s coping strategies.Sociological Studies of Children,6, 25-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/t05213-000
Jose, P. E. (2013). ModGraph-I: A program to compute cell means for the graphical display of moderational analyses. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.
Kuo, B. C. (2014). Coping, acculturation, and psychological adaptation among migrants: A theoretical and empirical review and synthesis of the literature.Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal,2(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2013.843459
Lam, A. G., & Zane, N. W. (2004). Ethnic differences in coping with interpersonal stressors: A test of self-construals as cultural mediators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,35(4), 446-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104266108
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY, US: Springer publishing company.
Mähönen, T. A., & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2013). Acculturation expectations and experiences as predictors of ethnic migrants’ psychological well-being.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(5), 786-806. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112466699
Nesdale, D., & Mak, A. S. (2003). Ethnic identification, self-esteem and immigrant psychological health.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,27(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00062-7
Noh, S., & Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support.American Journal of Public Health,93(2), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.232
Rudmin, F. (2009). Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,33(2), 106-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.12.001
Selmer, J. (2006). Cultural novelty and adjustment: Western business expatriates in China.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,17(7), 1209-1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190600756475
Selmer, J. (2002). Coping strategies applied by Western vs overseas Chinese business expatriates in China.International Journal of Human Resource Management,13(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190110092767
Sinha, B. K., & Watson, D. C. (2007). Stress, coping and psychological illness: A cross-cultural study.International Journal of Stress Management,14(4), 386-397.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.4.386
Smart, J. F., & Smart, D. W. (1995). Acculturative stress of Hispanics: Loss and challenge.Journal of Counseling & Development,73(4), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01770.x
Spector, P. E., Sanchez, J. I., Siu, O. L., Salgado, J., & Ma, J. (2004). Eastern versus Western control beliefs at work: An investigation of secondary control, socioinstrumental control, and work locus of control in China and the US.Applied Psychology,53(1), 38-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00160.x
Szabo, A., English, A. S., Zhijia, Z., Jose, P., Ward, C., & Jianhong, M. (2017). Is the utility of secondary coping a function of ethnicity or the context of reception? A longitudinal study across Western and Eastern cultures.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,48(8), 1230-1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117719158
Ward, C., & Geeraert, N. (2016). Advancing acculturation theory and research: The acculturation process in its ecological context.Current Opinion in Psychology,8, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.021
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,23(4), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
Ward, C. (2004) Psychological theories of culture contact and their implications for intercultural training. In D. Landis, M. Bennett, & J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training (3rd ed., pp. 185-216). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231129.n8
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (2001). Coping with cross-cultural transition.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology,32(5), 636-642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005007
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Mallen, M. J., Ku, T. Y., Liao, K. Y. H., & Wu, T. F. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students.Journal of Counseling Psychology,54(4), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.385
Wilson, J., Ward, C., Fetvadjiev, V. H., & Bethel, A. (2017). Measuring cultural competencies: The development and validation of a revised measure of sociocultural adaptation.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,48(10), 1475-1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117732721
Wilson, J., Ward, C., & Fischer, R. (2013). Beyond culture learning theory: What can personality tell us about cultural competence?. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology,44(6), 900-927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492889
Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2005). Ethnic identity and approach-type coping as moderators of the racial discrimination/well-being relation in Asian Americans.Journal of Counseling Psychology,52(4), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.497
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2020-01-01
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A Longitudinal Study on International Students’ Stress, Problem Focused Coping and Cross-Cultural Adaptation in China 来华留学生跨文化压力应对和适应研究 . (2020). Journal of International Students, 10(S(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10iS(3).1774
