Pandemic Repercussions

The Future of International Education at US Community Colleges

Authors

  • Heidi Fischer Old Dominion University
  • Melissa Whatley School for International Training

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i3a.4090

Keywords:

community college, international students, international recruitment, COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

The disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have both short- and long-term repercussions on higher education. To crystallize these impacts in a sector that was particularly vulnerable to the economic effects of the pandemic, this mixed methods study explores the intersection of international education and community college responses to the pandemic. Findings indicated that due to the pandemic, community college international education programs faced a reallocation of institutional resources, both financial and otherwise, which shapes the educational opportunities available to students and informs the institutional habitus of the US community college. This study’s findings have implications in the areas of international student recruitment, limitationss to higher education access, and impacts on local and regional communities.

Author Biography

  • Melissa Whatley, School for International Training

    Melissa Whatley, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of International and Global Education at SIT. Previously, she served as a postdoctoral research scholar in the Belk Center for Community College Leadership and Research at North Carolina State University. Whatley is the author of An introduction to quantitative analysis for international educators, to be published by Springer this year, and is an active researcher, writer, presenter, and contributor to various professional associations. In her work, she explores issues related to underrepresented students in U.S. international education, particularly low-income and community college students.

References

REFERENCES

AACC. (2021). Fast facts 2021. https://www.aacc.nche.edu/research-trends/fast-facts/

Ayers, D. (2017). Three functions of the community college mission statement. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2017(180), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20276

Baer, J., & Martel, M. (2020). Fall 2020 international student enrollment snapshot. Institute of International Education. https://www.iie.org/en/Research-and-Insights/Publications/Fall-2020-International-Student-Enrollment-Snapshot

Bailey, T. R., & Morest, V. S. (2004). The organizational efficiency of multiple missions for community colleges. Community College Research Center. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/organizational-efficiency-multiple-missions.pdf

Bailey, T., & Morest, V. S. (Eds.). (2006). Defending the community college equity agenda. Johns Hopkins Press.

Barringer, S. N., & Jaquette, O. (2018). The moving missions of community colleges: An examination of degree-granting profiles over time. Community College Review, 46(12), 417-443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552118786012

Berger, J. B. (2000). Optimizing capital, social reproduction, and undergraduate persistence. In J. Braxton (Ed.), Reworking the student departure puzzle (pp. 95-124). Vanderbilt University Press.

Bragg, D. D. (2001). Community College Access, Mission, and Outcomes: Considering Intriguing Intersections and Challenges. Peabody Journal of Education, 76(1), 93–116. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1493007

Cohen, A. M., Brawer, F. B., & Kisker, C. B. (2013). The American community college (6th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Cossey, K., & Fischer, H. (2021). COVID-19 impact research brief: Virtual exchanges at community colleges. NAFSA: Association of International Educators. https://www.nafsa.org/sites/default/files/media/document/covid-19-impact-virtual-exchanges.pdf

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. (3rd ed.). Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.

Dougherty, K. J., & Townsend, B. K. (2006). Community college missions: A theoretical and historical perspective. New Directions for Community Colleges, 136, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.254

Falcone, S. (2019). International student recruitment: Trends and challenges. Journal of International Students, 7(2), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i2.379

Floyd, D. L. (2021). 2020, the year none of us predicted: COVID-19 and community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(1), 1-7, http://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2020.1841649

Gardener, L. (2020, December 8). How the pandemic worsened - and highlighted - community colleges’ chronic challenges.” Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/how-the-pandemic-worsened-and-highlighted-community-colleges-chronic-challenges

González Canché, M. S. (2018). Reassessing the two-year sector’s role in the amelioration of a persistent socioeconomic gap: A proposed analytical framework for the study of community college effects in the big and geocoded data and quasi-experimental era. In M. Paulsen (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 172-238). Springer.

Green, M., & Siaya, L. (2005). Measuring internationalization at community colleges. American Council on Education. https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Measuring-CommunityCollege.pdf

Institute for International Education [IIE]. (2009). Open doors. 2009 fast facts. https://www.iie.org/-/media/Files/Corporate/Open-Doors/Fast-Facts/Fast-Facts-2009.ashx?la=en&hash=EBAB4D21826655F3B50B01B9D1DF0B00F980818A

IIE. (2019). Open doors 2019. https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data

IIE. (2020). Open doors 2020. https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data

Laderman, S., & Tandberg, D. (2021). SHEEO analysis of fiscal year 2021 state funding for higher education. State Higher Education Executive Officers Association. https://sheeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SHEEO_Analysis_FiscalYear2021_State_Funding.pdf

Legusov, O., Raby, R. L., Mou, L., Gómez-Gajardo, F., & Zhou, Y. (2021). How community colleges and other TVET institutions contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goals. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1887463

Levin, J. S. (2001). Globalizing the community college: Strategies for change in the twenty-first century. Palgrave.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research. Sage.

Martel, M. (2020). COVID-19 effects on U.S. higher education campuses: From emergency response to planning for future student mobility. https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Publications/COVID-19-Effects-on-US-Higher-Education-Campuses-Report-2

Massey, W. F. (1996). Introduction. In W.F. Massey (Ed.), Resource allocation in higher education (pp. 3-14). University of Michigan Press.

McDonough, P. (1997). Choosing colleges: How social class and schools structure opportunity. SUNY University Press.

Morse, J. M., Niehaus, L., Wolfe, R. R., & Wilkins, S. (2006). The role of the theoretical drive in maintaining validity in mixed-method research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(4), 279-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478088706070837

NAFSA. (2020). NAFSA Financial Impact Survey: Summary Brief. https://www.nafsa.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2020-financial-impact-survey.pdf

National Student Clearinghouse. (2021). Spring 2021 enrollment (As of March 25). Undergraduate enrollment in its steepest decline so far since the pandemic began. Accessed on July 9, 2021. https://nscresearchcenter.org/stay-informed/

Raby, R. L. (2019). Changing the conversation: Measures that contribute to community college education abroad success. In G. F. Malveaux & R. L. Raby (Eds.), Study abroad opportunities for community college students and strategies for global learning (pp. 1-21). IGI Global. http://www.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6252-8.ch001

Raby, R. L. (2008). Meeting America’s global education challenge: Expanding education abroad at U.S. community colleges (IIE Study Abroad White Paper Series, Issue No. 3). Institute of International Education. https://p.widencdn.net/gu1iiu/Expanding-Education-Abroad-at-U.S.-Community-Colleges

Raby, R. L. (2020). Unique characteristics of U.S. community college education abroad. College and University, 95(1), 41-46.

Raby, R. L., & Rhodes, G. M. (2018). Promoting education abroad among community college students: Overcoming obstacles and developing inclusive practices. In N. Gozik & H. B. Hamir (Eds.), Promoting inclusion in education abroad (pp. 114-132). Stylus.

Raby, R. L., Rhodes, G. M., & Biscarra, A. (2014). Community college study abroad: Implications for student success. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 38(2-3), 174-183. http://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2014.851961

Raby, R. L., & Valeau, E. J. (2007). Community college international education: Looking back to forecast the future. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2007(138), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.276

Raby, R. L., & Valeau, E. J. (2016). Global is not the opposite of local: Advocacy for community college international education. In R. L. Raby & E. J. Valeau (Eds.). International education at community colleges: Themes, practices, and case studies (pp. 9-22). Palgrave.

Redden, E. (2021, February). A pandemic graduate admission cycle. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/02/18/survey-finds-steep-decline-first-time-international-graduate-enrollments-last-fall

Rhoads, R., & Valadez, J. (1996). Democracy, multiculturalism, and the community college: A critical perspective. Garland Publishing.

Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543

St. Amour, M. (2020). Federal funding left out some of the most vulnerable. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/23/community-colleges-regional-publics-lost-formula-cares-act-funds

Stouffer, S. A., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1937). Research memorandum on the family in the depression. Social Science Research Council Bulletin.

Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics in qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.

Taylor, B.J., & Cantwell, B. (2018). Unequal higher education in the United States: Growing participation and shrinking opportunities. Social Sciences, 7, 167.

Taylor, B. J., & Cantwell, B. (2019). Unequal higher education. Rutgers University Press.

Weissman, S. (2021, April). Steep enrollment declines this spring. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/04/29/spring-brings-even-steeper-enrollment-declines

Whatley, M., & Fischer, H. (2022). The international student experience at US community colleges at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Students 12(1). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i1.3359

Whatley, M., & Raby, R. L. (2020). Understanding inclusion and equity in community college education abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 32(1), 80-103. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i1.435

Whatley, M. (2021). Community college study abroad: An event history analysis. Community College Review, 49(2), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552120982021

Whitford, E. (2021, March). State funding hit lands on 2-year colleges. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/03/23/state-funding-two-year-colleges-declined-year-while-four-year-colleges-saw-small-dip

Zhang, Y. (2011). CSCC Review Series essay: Education abroad in the U.S. community colleges. Community College Review, 39(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552111404552

Zhang, Y. (2016). An overlooked population in community college: International students’(in) validation experiences with academic advising. Community College Review, 44(2), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0091552116633293

Zook, G. F. (1947). The president's commission on higher education: Higher education for American democracy: A report. Harper & Brothers.

Published

2022-07-11

Issue

Section

Summer 2022 Special Edition

How to Cite

Pandemic Repercussions: The Future of International Education at US Community Colleges. (2022). Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(3a). https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i3a.4090