‘Edugration’ as a wicked problem: Higher education and three-step immigration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v13i5S.4061Keywords:
international students, immigration, edugration, wicked problems, education-migration, international student mobilityAbstract
The recruitment and retention of post-secondary international students as ‘skilled’ immigrants has become a distinct form of immigration, shifting the role of higher education in society. This paper proposes the term edugration – an amalgamation of ‘education’ and ‘migration’ – to describe this system. It also argues that edugration presents an ethically ‘wicked problem’ (Rittel & Webber, 1973), requiring not only increased attention from higher/international education scholars, but also a shift in our analytic approach.
References
Ackoff, R. L. (1974). Redesigning the future: A systems approach to societal problems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ahenakew C. (2016). Grafting Indigenous ways of knowing onto non-Indigenous ways of being: the (underestimated) challenges of a decolonial imagination. International Review of Qualitative Research, 9(3), 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2016.9.3.323
Akbari, A., & MacDonald, M. (2014). Immigration policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An overview of recent trends. International Migration Review, 48(3), 801–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12128
Al-Haque, R. (2019). University internationalization, immigration, and the Canadian dream: how federal citizenship immigration legislation marginalizes international graduate students. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 9, 5-9.
Alam, S. (2008). Majority world: challenging the west's rhetoric of democracy. Amerasia Journal, 34(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.34.1.l3176027k4q614v5
Andreotti, V. (2012). Editor’s preface ‘HEADS UP.’ Critical Literacy: Theories and Practices, 6(1), 1-3.
Ballo, A., Mathies, C., & Weimer, L. (2019). Applying student development theories: enhancing international student academic success and integration. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1092
Boucher, A., & Cerna, L. (2014). Current policy trends in skilled immigration policy. International Migration, 52(3), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12152
Bozheva, A., Brunner, L. R., Erittu, E., Morris-Lange, S., Sabzalieva, E., & Trilokekar, R. D. (2021, July 8). E. Sabzalieva & R. D. Trilokekar (Chairs), Global policy discourses on immigration and international student mobility [Panel]. International Conference on Public Policy, Barcelona, Spain. https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/
Brunner, L. R. (2017). Higher educational institutions as emerging immigrant selection actors: a history of British Columbia’s retention of international graduates, 2001–2016. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2016.1243016
Cong, C., & Glass, C. R. (2019). Stronger together: educational service augmenters and traditional predictors of adjustment for international students in the US. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1223
Crossman, E., Hou, F., & Picot, G. (2020, July 22). Two-step immigration selection: A review of benefits and potential challenges. Statistics Canada Economic Insights, 11-626-X No. 111.
Ellermann, A., & O’Heran, B. (2021). Unsettling migration studies: Indigeneity and immigration in settler colonial states. In C. Dauvergne (Ed.), Research handbook on the law and politics of migration (pp. 21-34). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789902266
Etshim, R. (2019). Integrating international graduate students on campus: the perspectives of student affairs professionals. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 107-109. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1613
Global Affairs Canada [GAC]. (2019). Building on success: International education strategy (2019-2024). Cat. No.: FR5-165/2019E-PDF. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/education/strategy-2019-2024-strategie.aspx
Geibel, W. R. (2020). A pedagogy of student mobility: facilitating humanistic outcomes in internationalization and student mobility. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 12, 67-77. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12iSpring.1271
Hawthorne, L. (2012). Designer immigrants? International students and two-step migration. In D. K. Deardorff, H. de Wit, J. D. Heyl, & T. Adams (Eds.), The Sage handbook of international higher education (pp. 417–437). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218397.n23
Horn, R. E., & Webber, R. P. (2007). New tools for resolving wicked problems: mess mapping and resolution mapping processes. Retrieved from https://www.strategykinetics.com/new_tools_for_resolving_wicked_problems.pdf
International Organization for Migration [IOM] Global Migration Data Analysis Centre [GMDAC]. (2021) Migration Data Portal. Retrieved from https://migrationdataportal.org/
Kim, A. H., & Kwak, M. (2019). Introduction: Education migration, social mobility, and structuring institutions. In M. Kwak & A. H. Kim (Eds.), Outward and upward mobilities: International students in Canada, their families, and structuring institutions (pp. 3-22). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487530563-004
Lo, L., Li, W., & Yu, W. (2019). Highly-skilled migration from China and India to Canada and the United States. International Migration, 57(3), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12388
Maldonado-Maldonado, A. (2014). Academic mobility as social mobility or the point of no return. In A. Maldonado-Maldonado and R.M. Bassett (Eds.), The forefront of international higher education: A Festschrift in honor of Philip G. Altbach (pp. 127-137). Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7085-0_9
Nilsson, P. A. (2019). The Buddy Programme: integration and social support for international students. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1095
Obradović-Ratković, S., Woloshyn, V., & Sethi, B. (2020). Reflections on migration, resilience, and graduate education: supporting female students with refugee backgrounds. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 12(3), 81-11. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12iWinter.2014
Rajkumar, D., Berkowitz, L., Vosko, L. F., Preston, V., & Latham, R. (2012). At the temporary–permanent divide: How Canada produces temporariness and makes citizens through its security, work, and settlement policies. Citizenship Studies, 16(3-4), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2012.683262
Rittel, H., & Webber M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155-169.
Scott, C., Safdar, S., Trilokekar, R., & El Masri, A. (2015). International students as ‘ideal immigrants’ in Canada: A disconnect between policy makers’ assumptions and the lived experiences of international students. Canadian and international education/Éducation canadienne et internationale, 43(5). https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v43i3.9261
Shachar, A. (2006). The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes. New York University Law Review, 81(April), 148-206.
Schiffecker, S. M. (2020). Leading the many, considering the few -- university presidents' perspectives on international students during COVID-19. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 12, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12i6S1.3034
Schinkel, W. (2018). Against ‘immigrant integration’: for an end to neocolonial knowledge production. Comparative Migration Studies, 6(31), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0095-1
Shotwell, A. (2016). Against Purity: Living Ethically in Compromised Times. University of Minnesota Press.
Sin, C., & Tavares, O. (2019). Integrating international students: The missing link in Portuguese higher education institutions. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1110
Stein, S. (2019a). Beyond higher education as we know it: Gesturing towards decolonial horizons of possibility. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 38, 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-018-9622-7
Stein, S. (2019b). Critical internationalization studies at an impasse: Making space for complexity, uncertainty, and complicity in a time of global challenges. Studies in Higher Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1704722
Stein, S., & Andreotti, V. (2016). Cash, competition, or charity: international students and the global imaginary. Higher Education, 72(2), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8
Todd, S. (2009). Toward an imperfect education: Facing humanity, rethinking cosmopolitanism. Routledge.
Trilokekar, R. D. & El Masri, A. (2019). “International students are…golden”: Canada’s changing policy contexts, approaches, and national peculiarities in attracting international students as future immigrants. In M. Kwak & A. H. Kim (Eds.), Outward and upward mobilities: international students in Canada, their families, and structuring institutions (pp. 25-55). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487530563-005
van Berkel, K., & Manickam, A. (2020). Wicked World: Complex Challenges and Systems Innovation. Noordhoff.
Van Mol, C. (2019). Integrating international students in local (student) communities: a theory-to-practice perspective. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11, 14–17. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iWinter.1246
Walton-Roberts, M. (2011). Immigration, the university and the welcoming second tier city. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 12(4), 453-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-011-0187-3
Yao, C. W. (2015). Sense of belonging in international students: making the case against integration to US institutions of higher education. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 7, 6-10.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The findings, interpretations, conclusions, and views expressed in Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education (JCIHE) are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to CIES, HESIG, or the sponsoring universities of the Editorial Staff. These works are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. Readers are free to copy, display, and distribute articles that appear in JCIHE as long as the work is attributed to the author(s) and JCIHE, it is distributed for non-commercial purposes only, and no alteration or transformation is made in the work. All other uses must be approved by the author(s) or JCIHE. By submitting a manuscript, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JCIHE upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide serial publication rights and the right for JCIHE to grant permissions as its editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and metadata associated with the article in professional indexing and reference services.
