Operation Varsity Blues: Disguising the legal capital exchanges and white property interests in athletic admissions

Authors

  • Kirsten Hextrum University of Oklahoma

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/hepe.v5i1.1359

Keywords:

Operation Varsity Blues, whiteness theory, college admission, college athletics, cultural capital

Abstract

“Operation Varsity Blues” (OVB) indicted coaches and administrators from eight universities for accepting bribes in exchange for admitting fraudulent athletes. As part of the conspiracy parents paid university officials to admit students with little-to-no sport experience as college athletes. Court filings in the case contrasted OVB to the legal process of athletic recruitment and admission in which universities set different criteria to admit those with athletic talent (Smith, 2019a). This conceptual article cautions against such a contrast. Using Harris’ (1993) whiteness as property, Bourdieu’s (2011) capital exchange theory, and findings from my research into athletic recruitment and admission, I examine how OVB closely resembles current athletic admissions practices that provide a legal pathway to college that privileges white, elite communities.

References

Berry, Alexander, S., & Steverman, B. (2019, March 29). For an edge in Ivy League admissions grab an oar and row. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-29/for-edge-in-ivy-league admissions-grab-an-oar-and-start-rowing?srnd=premium

Andrews, D.L. (1999). Contextualizing suburban soccer: Consumer culture, lifestyle differentiation and suburban America. Culture, Sport Society, 2(3), 31–53.

Bourdieu, P. (1978) Sport and social class. Social Science Information, 17(6), 819-840.

Bourdieu, P. (2011). The forms of capital. (pp. 81-93). In I. Szeman & T. Kaposy (eds.) Cultural theory: An anthology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.C. (1977). Reproduction in education, society, and culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Coakley, J. (2015). Sport in society: Issues and controversies, (11th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

DeLuca, J.R., & Andrews, D.L. (2016). Exercising privilege: The cyclical reproduction of capital through swim club membership. Sociological Inquiry, 86(3), 301-323.

DiAngelo, R. (2011). White Fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54-70.

Donnor, J. (2005). Towards an interest-convergence in the education of African-American football student athletes in major college sports. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 45-67.

Eckstein, R. (2017). How college athletics are hurting girls’ sports. Lantham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Farrey, T., & Schreiber, P. (2017, March 17). The gentrification of college hoops. The Undefeated. Retrieved from https://theundefeated.com/features/gentrification-of-ncaa-division-1-college-basketball/

Frances, D., & Krantz, L. (2019, April 20). College admissions are still easier for the wealthy and well-connected—and it’s perfectly legal. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/04/20/for-wealthy-myriad-advantages-college-admissions-even-without-cheating/oNnMf0BIaekFR5a2jeWGuK/story.html

Gusa, D.L. (2010). White institutional presence: The impact of whiteness on campus climate. Harvard Educational Review, 80(4), 464-489.

Harris, C.I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791

Hawkins, B. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly White institutions. New York, NY: Palgrave-MacMillan.

Hextrum, K. (2019). Reproducing sports stars: How students become elite athletes. Teachers College Record, 121(4), 1-38.

Hextrum, K. (2018a). The hidden curriculum of college athlete recruitment. Harvard Educational Review, 88(3), 355-377.

Hextrum, K. (2018b). Amateurism revisited: How US college athletic recruitment favors middle-class athletes. Sport, Education, and Society. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1547962

Katznelson, I. (2005). When affirmative action was white: An untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

Khan, S. R. (2012). Privilege: The making of an adolescent elite at St. Paul’s School. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Lartey, J. (2019, March 14). The perfectly legal—but immoral—ways rich kids get into top colleges. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/13/rich-kids-top-college-admissions

Lapchick, R. (2018). The 2017 college sport racial and gender report card. Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport. Retrieved from http://nebula.wsimg.com/5665825afd75728dc0c45b52ae6c412d?AccessKeyId=DAC3A5 6D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1

Lassiter, M.D. (2012). Schools and housing in metropolitan history: An introduction. Journal of Urban History, 38(2), 195-204.

Llewellyn, M., & Gleaves, J. (2014). A universal dilemma: The British sporting life and the complex, contested, and contradictory state of amateurism. Journal of Sport History, 41(1), 95-116.

Martin, C. (2010). Benching Jim Crow: The rise and fall of the color line in southern college sports 1890-1980. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Mills, C.W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Mills, C.W. (2003). From class to race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism. Lantham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Messner, M. (2009). It’s all for the kids: Gender, families, and youth sports. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

NCAA. (2016). The first in their family. Indianapolis, ID: NCAA. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/first-their-family

NCAA. (2017). Division-I manual 2017-2018. Indianapolis, ID: NCAA.

NCAA. (2018). Overall Division-I Freshman-Cohort Graduation Rates Report. Indianapolis, ID: NCAA. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2016RES_GSR_report_20161114.pdf

Osburn, S. (2019, October 29). Board of Governors starts process to enhance name, image and likeness opportunities. Retrieved from: http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media- center/news/board-governors-starts-process-enhance-name-image-and-likeness- opportunities

Ravitch, S.M. & Carl, N.M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Rivera, L. A. (2016). Pedigree: How elite students get elite jobs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rosen, E. S., O’Connell, J. D., Kearney, K.A., & Wright, L.A. (2019a). United States of America v. Gordon Ernst et al. Federal Indictment Criminal Number 19-CR-10081. https://www.justice.gov/file/1142881/download

Rosen, E.S., O’Connell, J.D., Kearney, K.A., & Wright, L.A. (2019b). United States v. Toby MacFarlane. Case:19-CR-10131. https://www.justice.gov/usao- ma/page/file/1156361/download

Rosen, E.S., O’Connell, J.D., Kearney, K.A., & Wright, L.A. (2019c). United States v. Gregory Abbott et al. Case:19-CR-10117. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/page/file/1152591/download

Rosen, E.S., O’Connell, J. D., Kearney, K.A., & Wright, L.A. (2019d). United States v. David Sidoo et al. Case: 19-10080-NMG https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/page/file/1152906/download

Sabo, D. & Veliz, P. (2008). Go out and play: Youth sports in America. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation.

Sack, A. & Staurowsky, E. (1998). College athletes for hire: The evolution and legacy of the NCAA’s amateur myth. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Schneider, J. (2008). Escape from Los Angeles: White flight from Los Angeles and its schools, 1960-1980. Journal of Urban History, 34(6), 995-1012.

Shamash, R. (2018). (Re)production of the contemporary elite through higher education: A review of critical scholarship. Berkeley Review of Education, 8(1), 5-21.

Shilling, C. (1991). Educating the body: Physical capital and the production of social inequalities. Sociology, 25(4), 653–72.

Shulman, J.L., & Bowen, W.G., (2001). The game of life: College sports and educational values. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Smith, L. (2019a). Affidavit in support of criminal complaint. Boston, MA: United States, District Court of Massachusetts. https://www.justice.gov/file/1142876/download

Smith, L. (2019b). Affidavit in support of criminal complaint for Michael Center. Boston, MA: United States, District Court of Massachusetts. https://www.justice.gov/file/1142871/download

Smith, R. (2011). Pay for play: A history of big-time college athletic reform. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Stephens, N., Hamedani, M. & Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap: A difference-education intervention improves first-generation students’ academic performance and all students’ college transition. Psychological Science, 25(4), 943-953.

Strauss, A.L., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Washington, R., & Karen, D. (2001). Sport & society. Annual Review of Sociology. 27: 187-212.

Weis, L., Cipollone, K., & Jenkins, H. (2014). Class warfare: Class, race, and college admissions in top-tier secondary schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Weis, L., & Fine, M. (2012). Critical bifocality and circuits of privilege: Expanding critical ethnographic theory and design. Harvard Educational Review, 82(2), 173-201

Downloads

Published

2019-12-31

Issue

Section

Review Articles

How to Cite

Operation Varsity Blues: Disguising the legal capital exchanges and white property interests in athletic admissions. (2019). Higher Education Politics and Economics, 5(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.32674/hepe.v5i1.1359