Global South Sisterhood in a Virtual Exchange
A Critical Autoethnography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/prd4ky72Keywords:
global learning, global south, intercultural exchange, international higher education, virtual mobility, virtual exchangeAbstract
We are two women international students from the Global South, situated in Turkey and the U.S. respectively. In this article, we utilized collaborative autoethnography to critically reflect on our intellectual, emotional, linguistic, and cultural growth during a virtual exchange program that we participated in during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through this co-exploration, we analyzed our experiences and reflections as participants in a COIL program to consider, more broadly, the evolution and trajectory of virtual mobility in an uneven higher education landscape. Our virtual exchange emerged as a digital and transnational third space, unbounded by hegemonic epistemic, linguistic, or geographical borders. We learned about the vibrant and thriving cultural traditions, thought traditions, and religious/spiritual traditions of Turkmenistan and India, our home countries. Through technologies such as Zoom and WhatsApp, we discovered each other’s personalities and backgrounds, centering sisterhood and friendship along the way. We framed our analysis through a critical internationalization perspective, delineating the challenges and limitations of normative virtual exchanges and arguing for transformative exchanges that honor and affirm the epistemologies of the Global South.
References
Alami, N. H., Albuquerque, J., Ashton, L. S., Elwood, J. A., Ewoodzie, K., Hauck, M., Karam, J., Klimanova, L., Nasr, R., & Satar, M. (2022). Marginalization and underrepresentation in virtual exchange: Reasons and remedies. Journal of International Students, 12(S3), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12iS3.4665
Allen-Collinson, J. (2013). Autoethnography as the engagement of self/other, self/culture, self/politics, and selves/futures. In S. H. Jones, T. E. Adams, & C. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of autoethnography (pp. 281-299). Left Coast Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315427812
Allen-Collinson, J., & Hockey, J. (2008). Autoethnography as ‘valid’ methodology? A study of disrupted identity narratives. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 3(6). pp. 209-217.
Alonso-Morais, Á. M. (2023). Virtual exchange as a sustainable approach to intercultural learning. In J. A. Benítez-Andrades, P. García-Llamas, Á. Taboada, L. Estévez-Mauriz, & R. Baelo (Eds.), Global challenges for a sustainable society: EURECA-PRO 2022 (pp. 563-568). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25840-4_65
Altbach, P. (2004). Globalisation and the university: Myths and realities in an unequal world. Tertiary Education and Management, 10(1), 3-25. https://doi:10.1080/13583883.2004.9967114
Anand, D. (2005). The violence of security: Hindu nationalism and the politics of representing ‘the Muslim’ as a danger. The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 94(379), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358530500099076
Andreotti, V., & de Souza, L. M. T. M. (2008). Translating theory into practice and walking minefields: Lessons from the project ‘Through Other Eyes.’ International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 1(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.18546/IJDEGL.01.1.03
Antoniadou, V. (2011). Telecollaboration 2.0: Language, literacies and intercultural learning in the 21st century. Language and Intercultural Communication, 11(3), 285-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2011.564917
Aquino, K. C., Tobin, E., & Sloan, S. (2023). Remote global learning: The role and use of virtual exchange for U.S. and Irish graduate students. Online Learning, 27(2), 208-222. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v27i2.3380
Bali, M., Goes, P., Haug, E., & Patankar, A. (2021). COVID-19 impacts on virtual exchange around the world. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 4, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.21827/jve.4.38198
Barbosa, M. W., & Ferreira-Lopes, L. (2023). Emerging trends in telecollaboration and virtual exchange: A bibliometric study. Educational Review, 75(3), 558-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1907314
Barkin, G. (2021). Zooming to Indonesia: Cultural exchange without study abroad. In D. Kenley (Ed.), Teaching about Asia in a time of pandemic (pp. 109-119). Association for Asian Studies.
Blaber, Z., Gougoumanova, G., & Samoilyk, I. (2023, July 1). International tele-collaboration in the “volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA)” world: Facilitating equity and inclusion (EI) in business education. Diversity Abroad. https://www.diversityabroad.org/DIVaPublic/GIE-Archives/GIE-2023/GIE-Sp2023/GIE-Sp23-Article-2
Boylorn, R. M., & Orbe, M. P. (2014). Introduction: Critical autoethnography as method of choice / choosing critical autoethnography. In R. M. Boylorn & M. P. Orbe (Eds.), Critical autoethnography: Intersecting cultural identities in everyday life (2nd ed., 1-18). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429330544
Boylorn, R. M., & Orbe, M. P. (2021). Becoming: A critical autoethnography on critical autoethnography. Journal of Autoethnography, 2(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1525/joae.2021.2.1.5
Bryant, A., Garcia, D. N. M., & Salomão, A. C. B. (2023). Inclusive learning: Perspectives on virtual exchange and global learning. In K. A. H. P. Ramos & K. C. H. P. de Carvalho (Eds.), Language, culture and literature in telecollaboration contexts (pp. 17-33). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33830-4_2
Butz, D., & Besio, K. (2009). Autoethnography. Geography Compass, 3(5), 1660-1674. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00279.x
Cahapay, M. B. (2020). Rethinking education in the new normal post-COVID-19 era: A curriculum studies perspective. Aquademia, 4(2), ep20018. https://doi.org/10.29333/aquademia/8315
Chang, H. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Routledge.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
Chavda, V. P., Balar, P., Vaghela, D., Solanki, H. K., Vaishnav, A., Hala, V., & Vora, L. (2023). Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian perspective of vaccination and management. Vaccines, 11(1), Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010160
Chawla, D., & Rodriguez, A. (2008). Narratives on longing, being, and knowing: Envisioning a writing epistemology. International Journal of Progressive Education, 4(1), 6-23.
Cho, H., Wang, J. A., Mikal, E., & Liu, C. (2023). Critical autoethnography as an empowering discourse for international students in US higher education. In S. L. Finley, P. Correll, C. Pearman, & S. Huffman (Eds.), Empowering students through multilingual and content discourse (pp. 122-137). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0543-0.ch007
Commander, N. E., Schloer, W. F., & Cushing, S. T. (2022). Virtual exchange: A promising high-impact practice for developing intercultural effectiveness across disciplines. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 5, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21827/jve.5.37329
Company, S. M., Figueredo, M., Flores, C. V., González, S., & Snyder, C. K. (2023, July 1). Meeting in a third space: Possibilities for equity and inclusion in virtual classrooms. Diversity Abroad. https://diversityabroad.org/DIVaPublic/GIE-Archives/GIE-2023/GIE-Sp2023/GIE-Sp23-Article-21
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Sage.
Cotoman, V., Davies, A., Kawagoe, N., Niihashi, H., Rahman, A., Tomita, Y., Watanabe, A., & Rösch, F. (2022). Un(COIL)ing the pandemic: Active and affective learning in times of COVID-19. Political Science & Politics, 55(1), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096521001050
Darvin, R. (2017). Language, ideology, and critical digital literacy. In S. L. Thorne & S. May (Eds.), Language, education and technology (3rd ed, pp. 17-30). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02237-6
De Castro, A. B., Dyba, N., Cortez, E. D., & Pe Benito, G. G. (2019). Collaborative online international learning to prepare students for multicultural work environments. Nurse Educator, 44(4), E1-E5. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000609
De la Garza, A, & Maher, C. (2022). Decolonising the film curriculum through South–North collaborative online international learning (COIL) initiatives. Film Education Journal, 5(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.14324/FEJ.05.1.04
De Sousa, I., & Varcoe, C. (2021). Centering Black feminist thought in nursing praxis. Nursing Inquiry, 29(1), Article e12473. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12473
De Wit, H. (2016). Internationalization and the role of online intercultural exchange. In R. O’Dowd & T. Lewis (Eds.), Online intercultural exchange: Policy, pedagogy, practice (pp. 69-82). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678931
Deardorff, D. K., de Wit, H., & Heyl, J. D. (2012). Bridges to the future: The global landscape of international higher education. In D. K. Deardorff, H. de Wit, J. Heyl, & T. Adams (Eds.), The Sage handbook of international higher education (pp. 457-485). Sage. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218397.n25
Denzin, N. K. (1997). Interpretive ethnography. Sage.
Di Giovine, M. A., & de Uriarte, J. J. B. (2020). Questioning the future of study abroad in a post-COVID-19 world. In J. J. B. de Uriarte & Di Giovine, M. A. (Eds.), Study abroad and the quest for an anti-tourism experience (pp. 325-345). Lexington Books.
Díaz, A. R., Cordella, M., Disbray, S., Hanna, B. E., Mikhaylova, A. (2021). Reframing and hospicing mobility in higher education: Challenges and possibilities. Intercultural Communication Education, 4(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.29140/ice.v4n1.449
Dooly, M. (2017). Telecollaboration. In C. Chapelle & S. Sauro (Eds.), The handbook of technology and second language teaching (pp. 169-182). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118914069
Dooly, M., & Vinagre, M. (2022). Research into practice: Virtual exchange in language teaching and learning. Language Teaching, 55(3), 392-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000069
Dorroll, C., & Dorroll, P. (2020). Finding connection virtually through shared deep stories. Teaching Theology & Religion, 23(4), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12561
Doscher, S. (2023). Professional development for COIL virtual exchange: Why, how, and who? In B. D. Ruben (Ed.), Implementing sustainable change in higher education (pp. 216-243). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003445227
Duffy, L. N., Stone, G. A., Townsend, J., & Cathey, J. (2022) Rethinking curriculum internationalization: Virtual exchange as a means to attaining global competencies, developing critical thinking, and experiencing transformative learning. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 37(1-2), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1937156X.2020.1760749
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 733-768). Sage.
Ellis, C., Adams, T. E., & Bochner, A. P. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 36(4), 273-290. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23032294
Erdei, L. A., Rojek, M., & Leek, J. (2023). Learning alone together: Emergency-mode educational functions of international virtual exchange in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adult Learning, Knowledge and Innovation, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1556/2059.2022.00070
Esposito, J., & Evans-Winters, V. (2022). Introduction to intersectional qualitative research. Sage.
Filius, R. M., Kleijn, R. A. M., Uijl, S. G., Prins, F. J., Rijen, H. V. M., & Grobbee, D. E. (2019). Audio peer feedback to promote deep learning in online education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(5), 607-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12363
Finardi, K. R., & Guimarães, F. F. (2020). Internationalization and the Covid-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities for the Global South. Journal of Education, Teaching and Social Studies, 2(4), 1-15. http://doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v2n4p1
Fischer, H. (2022). Cultivating the next generation of virtual exchange champions: Insights from a class on virtual exchange. Stevens Initiative. https://www.stevensinitiative.org/cultivating-the-next-generation-of-virtual-exchange-champions-insights-from-a-class-on-virtual-exchange/
Fischer, H., & Cossey, K. M. (2021). Navigating the storm: Community colleges’ decision to pivot to virtual international education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 46(1/2), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2021.1972360
Fowler, J. E., Pearlman, A. M. G., LeSavoy, B., & Hemphill, D. (2014, May 27-30). Opening SUNY to the world: Implementing multicultural curricular internationalization through the COIL network case studies from SUNY Oswego and College at Brockport [Conference presentation]. The 23rd SUNY Conference on Instruction and Technology, Ithaca, NY, United States.
Gaitanidis, I. (2020). Studying abroad at home: The meaning of education abroad during the pandemic. Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 17(1/2), 67-72. http://doi.org/10.5130/pjmis.v17i1-2.7409
Galina, S. (2020). Virtual international exchange as a high-impact learning tool for more inclusive, equitable and diverse classrooms. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 23(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2478/eurodl-2020-0001
Garcia, F., Smith, S. R., Burger, A., & Helms, M. (2023). Increasing global mindset through collaborative online international learning (COIL): Internationalizing the undergraduate international business class. Journal of International Education in Business, 16(2), 184-203. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-08-2022-0054
Gargano, T. (2009). (Re)conceptualizing international student mobility: The potential of transnational social fields. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(3), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308322060
Glenn, A., & Devereux, T. (2023, July 1). Why virtual exchanges matter to students in the Global South. Diversity Abroad. https://diversityabroad.org/DIVaPublic/GIE-Archives/GIE-2023/GIE-Sp2023/GIE-Sp23-Article-15
Glimäng, M. R. (2022). Safe/brave spaces in virtual exchange on sustainability. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 5, 61-81. https://doi.org/10.21827/jve.5.38369
Goodman, A. E., & Martel, M. (2022). The future of international educational exchange is bright. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(2), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i2.4036
Grant, R., Kubota, R., Lin, A., Motha, S., Sachs, G. T., Vandrick, S., & Wong, S. (2023). Strategies for sisterhood in the language education academy. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(2), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1833725
Griffin, J. O. (2018). Constructing a teaching body through autoethnography (Publication No. 10837975) [Doctoral dissertation, Ball State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED587847
Guimarães, F. F., Mendes, A. R. M., Rodrigues, L. M., Paiva, R. S. dos S., & Finardi, K. R. (2019). Internationalization at home, COIL and intercomprehension: For more inclusive activities in the Global South. SFU Educational Review, 12(3), 90-109. https://doi.org/10.21810/sfuer.v12i3.1019
Guth, S. (2020). Foreword. In F. Helm & A. Beaven (Eds.), Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies (pp. xix-xx). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.45.1109
Guth, S., & Rubin, J. (2015). Collaborative online international learning: An emerging format for internationalizing curricula. In A. S. Moore & S. Simon (Eds.), Globally networked teaching in the humanities: Theories and practices (pp. 83-99). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315754925
Harasim, L. (2012). Learning theory and online technologies. Routledge.
Hauck, M. (2019). Virtual exchange for (critical) digital literacy skills development. European Journal of Language Policy, 11(2), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2019.12
Hauck, M. (2023, July 1). From virtual exchange to critical virtual exchange and critical internationalization at home. Diversity Abroad. https://www.diversityabroad.org/DIVaPublic/GIE-Archives/GIE-2023/GIE-Sp2023/GIE-Sp23-Article-1
Hauck, M., & Helm, F. [Critical Internationalization Studies Network]. (2020, November). Critical internationalisation through critical virtual exchange [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/S1EZL4DLjew
Healy, S., & Kennedy, O. (2020). The practical realities of virtual exchange. In E. Hagley & Y. Wang (Eds.), Virtual exchange in the Asia-Pacific: Research and practice (pp. 125-144). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.47.1149
Helm, F., & Beaven, A. (2020). Introduction. In F. Helm & A. Beaven (Eds.), Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies (pp. 1-8). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.45.1110
Helm, F., & Velden, B. (2021). Erasmus+ virtual exchange – Intercultural learning experiences – 2020 impact report. European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2797/870428
Hilliker, S. (2020). Virtual exchange as a study abroad alternative to foster language and culture exchange in TESOL teacher education. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 23(4), 1-13.
Hilliker, S. M. (Ed.). (2022). Second language teaching and learning through virtual exchange. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110727364
hooks, b. (2015). Feminist theory: From margin to center (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Hutcheson, S. (2020). Sexual violence, representation, and racialized identities: Implications for international students. Education & Law Journal, 29(2), 191-221.
Ikeda, K. (2022). Emergence of COIL as online international education before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics, 12(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v12i1.7616
Jaya, P. H., & Saputri, R. (2023). Students’ challenges in joining virtual exchange program. Journal of Islamic Studies and Education, 2(1), 32-37. https://journal.presscience.org/index.php/jise/article/view/21
Júnior, C. A. H., & Finardi, K. R. (2018). Internationalization and virtual collaboration: Insights from COIL experiences. Revista Ensino em Foco, 1(2), 19-33.
King de Ramirez, C. (2021). Global citizenship education through collaborative online international learning in the borderlands: A case of the Arizona–Sonora Megaregion. Journal of Studies in International Education, 25(1), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319888886
King, T. P., & Bochenek, B. (2021). Virtual study-abroad through web conferencing: Sharing knowledge and building cultural appreciation in nursing education and practice. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(6), 790-798. https://doi.org/10.1177/10436596211009583
Klimanova, L., & Hellmich, E. A. (2021). Crossing transcultural liminalities with critical virtual exchange: A study of shifting border discourses. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 18(3), 273-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2020.1867552
Krishnan, L., Sreekumar, S., Sundaram, S., Subrahmanian, M., & Davis, P. (2021). Virtual ‘study abroad’: Promoting intercultural competence amid the pandemic. The Hearing Journal, 74(4), 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJ.0000743740.67628.33
Lanham, C. C., & Voskuil, C. (2022). Virtual exchange: Expanding access to global learning. In U. G. Singh, C. S. Nair, C. Blewett, & T. Shea (Eds.), Academic voices: A conversation on new approaches to teaching and learning in the post-COVID world (pp. 3-14). Chandos Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-91185-6.00013-6
Le Roux, C. S. (2017). Exploring rigour in autoethnographic research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1140965
Lee, J., Leibowitz, J., & Rezek, J. (2022). The impact of international virtual exchange on participation in education abroad. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 202-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211052777
Lenkaitis, C. A., & Loranc-Paszylk, B. (2021). Facilitating global citizenship development in lingua franca virtual exchanges. Language Teaching Research, 25(5), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819877371
Lin, Y., Shi, J., & Zhang, C. (2022). Working toward becoming doctoral researchers: A collective autoethnography of international students in Australia. Journal of International Students, 12(S2), 68-87. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12iS2.4278
Lipinski, J. (2014). Virtual study abroad: A case study. Atlantic Marketing Journal, 3(3), 102-113. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/amj/vol3/iss3/7
Liu, W., Sulz, D., & Palmer, G. (2022). The small, the emotion, and the Lebowski shock: What virtual education abroad can not do? Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i2.3808
Luo, H., & Yang, C. (2022). Pedagogical benefits of Chinese-American virtual exchange: A study of student perceptions. ReCALL, 34(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344021000203
Machwate, S., Bendaoud, R., Henze, J., Berrada, K., & Burgos, D. (2021). Virtual exchange to develop cultural, language, and digital competencies. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 5926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115926
Maher, F. A., & Tetreault, M. K. (1993). Frames of positionality: Constructing meaningful dialogues about gender and race. Anthropological Quarterly, 66(3), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.2307/3317515
McArthur, J. (2010). Achieving social justice within and through higher education: the challenge for critical pedagogy. Teaching in Higher Education, 15(5), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2010.491906
Medel, I. L. (2023). Rethinking study abroad programs for the post-COVID-19 World: A technology-based proposal. In E. Sengupta (Ed.), Pandemic pedagogy: Preparedness in uncertain times (Vol. 49, pp. 133-145), Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2055-364120230000049008
Millner, S. C. (2020). The Sharing Perspectives Foundation: A case study in blended mobility. In F. Helm & A. Beaven (Eds.), Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies (pp. 155-166). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.45.1123
Mittelmeier, J., Rienties, B., Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (2021). Conceptualizing internationalization at a distance: A “third category” of university internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 25(3), 266-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315320906176
Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. boundary 2, 12/13(3/1), 333-358. https://doi.org/10.2307/302821
Mospan, N. (2023). Trends in emergency higher education digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(1), 50-70. https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.01.04
Motley, P., & Sturgill, A. (2013). Assessing the merits of international service-learning in developing professionalism in mass communication. Communication Teacher, 27(3), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2013.775470
Nava-Aguirre, K. M., Garcia-Portillo, B. I., & Lopez-Morales, J. S. (2019). Collaborative online international learning (COIL): An innovative strategy for experiential learning and internationalization at home. In M. A. Gonzalez-Perez, K. Lynden, & V. Taras (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Learning and Teaching International Business and Management (pp. 721-746). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20415-0_34
Novoselova, O. V. (2023). Virtual internationalization at universities: Opportunities and challenges. In F. Roumate (Ed.), Artificial intelligence in higher education and scientific research: Future development (pp. 59-77). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8641-3_5
O’Dowd, R. (2018). From telecollaboration to virtual exchange: State-of-the-art and the role of UNICollaboration in moving forward. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 1, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2018.jve
O’Dowd, R. (2020). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 53(4), 477-490. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444819000077
O’Dowd, R. (2023). Issues of equity and inclusion in virtual exchange. Language Teaching, 1-13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144482300040X
O’Dowd, R., & Lewis, T. (2016). Introduction to online intercultural exchange and this volume. In R. O’Dowd & T. Lewis (Eds), Online intercultural exchange: Policy, pedagogy, practice (pp. 3-20). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678931
Oggel, G., Aibar, C. P., & Fildjokic, M. (2022). The power of virtual exchange as an overarching tool to unify language, culture, and communication. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 12(3), Article 60. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.307060
Pegrum, M., Hockly, N., & Dudeney, G. (2022). Digital literacies (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Pertusa-Seva, I., & Stewart, M. A. (2008). Virtual study abroad 101: Expanding the horizons of the Spanish curriculum. Foreign Language Annals, 33(4), 438-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2000.tb00625.x
Pitard, J. (2017). A journey to the centre of self: Positioning the researcher in autoethnography. The Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(3), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.3.2764
Pitts, M. J., & Brooks, C. F. (2017). Critical pedagogy, internationalisation, and a third space: Cultural tensions revealed in students’ discourse. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(3) 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1134553
Radke, K., Háhn, J., & Dekker, I. (2021). Against all odds: Problem-solving as a skill critical to virtual exchange. In K. Elliot (Ed.), International Virtual Exchange Conference 2021: Conference proceedings (pp. 84-88). Drexel University, East Carolina University. https://iveconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IVECFinal_Proceedings_2021.pdf
Rajagopal, K., Firssova, O., Op de Beeck, I., Van der Stappen, E., Stoyanov, S., Henderikx, P., & Buchem, I. (2020). Learner skills in open virtual mobility. Research in Learning Technology, 28. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v28.2254
Reed-Danahay, D. E. (Ed.). (1997). Auto/ethnography: Rewriting thew self and the social. Berg.
Reynolds, A. D., Botts, R., & Pour-Khorshid, F. (2021). Critical sisterhood praxis: Curating a woman of color feminist intervention for spiritual reclamation in the academy. The Journal of Educational Foundations, 34(1), 14-30.
Rhee, J., & Sagaria, M. A. D. (2004). International students: Constructions of imperialism in the Chronicle of Higher Education. The Review of Higher Education, 28(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2004.0031
Robbins, M. B. (2023). Language equity in virtual exchange: Problems and possibilities. In T. C. Woodman, M. Whatley, & C. R. Glass (Eds.), Digital internationalization in higher education: Beyond virtual exchange (pp. 144-157). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003444237-15
Rogers, A. (2020, November 1). Internationalizing the campus at home: Campus globalization in the context of COVID-19. Institute of International Education. https://iie.widen.net/s/dgz5cmjb6z/internationalizing-the-campus-at-home-1
Rubin, J. (2016). The collaborative online international learning network: Online intercultural exchange in the State University of New York network of universities. In R. O’Dowd & T. Lewis (Eds.), Online intercultural exchange: Policy, pedagogy, practice (pp. 263-270). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678931
Rubin, J., & Guth, S. (Eds.). (2023). The guide to COIL virtual exchange implementing, growing, and sustaining collaborative online international learning. Routledge.
Sadler, R., & Dooly, M. (2016). Twelve years of telecollaboration: What we have learnt. ELT Journal, 70(4), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccw041
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). Sage.
Salomão, A. C. B. (2022). Foreign language communication in virtual exchanges: Reflections and implications for applied linguistics. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 12(3), Article 61. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.307061
Salomão, A. C. B., & Zampieri, B. (2022). (Inter-)cultural reflections about the self: Stimulated recall as a reflective tool in a multilingual virtual exchange context. Langscape, 5, 29-51. https://doi.org/10.18452/25389
Salomão, A. C. B., & da Silva, E. V. (2023). Words out of feelings: Global competence and emotional intelligence in a virtual exchange program. In S. D. Sarno-García, S. Montaner-Villalba, & A. M. Gimeno-Sanz (Eds.), Telecollaboration applications in foreign language classrooms (pp. 182-203). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7080-0.ch009
Satar, M., Hauck, M., & Bilki, Z. (2023). Multimodal representation in virtual exchange: A social semiotic approach to critical digital literacy. Language Learning & Technology, 27(2), 72-96. https://www.lltjournal.org/item/10125-73504/
Saltmarsh, S. S. (2011). Economic subjectivities in higher education: Self, policy and practice in the knowledge economy. Cultural Studies Review, 17(2), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v17i2.2007
Schmid, E. C., Kienle, A. C., & Şahin, H. (2023). Virtual exchanges as authentic scenarios for integrating a plurilingual perspective into EFL teaching and learning. The Language Learning Journal, 51(4), 544-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2023.2227854
Sebastian, P., & Souza, B. (2022). Connecting the disconnected: Analysis of a virtual exchange during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 5, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.21827/jve.5.38374
Shaffer, D. W., & Ruis, A. R. (2021). How we code. In A. R. Ruis & S. B. Lee (Eds.), Advances in quantitative ethnography (pp. 62-77). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67788-6_5
Shokirova, T., Brunner, L., Karki, K., Coustere, C., & Valizadeh, N. (2022). Confronting and reimagining the orientation of international graduate students: A collaborative autoethnography approach. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 16(2), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v16i2.7019
Sicka, B., & Hou, M. (2023). Dismantling the master’s house: A decolonial blueprint for internationalization of higher education. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 15(5), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15i5.5619
Silva, D. M. D. (2016). The othering of Muslims: Discourses of radicalization in the New York Times, 1969–2014. Sociological Forum, 32(1), 138-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12321
Starr, L. J. (2010). The use of autoethnography in educational research: Locating who we are in what we do. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education/Revue Canadienne des Jeunes Chercheures et Chercheurs en Éducation, 3(1), 1-9.
Tang, J., Kan, Q., Wang, N., & Hu, X. (2021). Exploring language learning and corrective feedback in an eTandem project. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 1(1), 110-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/jccall-2021-2005
Tavares, V. (2023). Experiencing deficit: Multilingual international undergraduate students talk identity. McGill Journal of Education / Revue Des Sciences De l’éducation De McGill. Advance online publication. https://mje.mcgill.ca/article/view/10025
Vahed, A., & Rodriguez, K. (2021). Enriching students’ engaged learning experiences through the collaborative online international learning project. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 58(5), 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2020.1792331
Van Maele J., Baten L., Beaven A., & Rajagopal, K. (2013). E-assessment for learning: Gaining insight in language learning with online assessment environments. In B. Zou, M. Xing, C. H. Xiang, Y. Wang, & M. Sun (Eds.), Computer-assisted foreign language teaching and learning: Technological advances (pp. 245-261). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2821-2.ch014
Wimpenny, K., Beelen, J., Hindrix, K., King, V., & Sjoer, E. (2022a). Curriculum internationalization and the ‘decolonizing academic.’ Higher Education Research & Development, 41(7), 2490-2505. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2021.2014406
Wimpenny, K., Finardi, K. R., Orsini-Jones, M., & Jacobs, L. (2022b). Knowing, being, relating and expressing through third space global South-North COIL: Digital inclusion and equity in international higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221094085
Wood, E. A., Collins, S. L., Meuller, S., Stetten, N. E., & El-Shokry, M. (2022). Transforming perspectives through virtual exchange: A US-Egypt partnership part 1. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 877547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.877547
Xu, X. (2023). An autoethnography of an international doctoral student’s multidimensional identity construction. The Australian Educational Researcher, 50, 1423-1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00557-w
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The findings, interpretations, conclusions, and views expressed in Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education (JCIHE) are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to CIES, HESIG, or the sponsoring universities of the Editorial Staff. These works are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. Readers are free to copy, display, and distribute articles that appear in JCIHE as long as the work is attributed to the author(s) and JCIHE, it is distributed for non-commercial purposes only, and no alteration or transformation is made in the work. All other uses must be approved by the author(s) or JCIHE. By submitting a manuscript, authors agree to transfer without charge the following rights to JCIHE upon acceptance of the manuscript: first worldwide serial publication rights and the right for JCIHE to grant permissions as its editors judge appropriate for the redistribution of the article, its abstract, and metadata associated with the article in professional indexing and reference services.
