Epistemic (In)justice: Whose voices count? Listening to migrants and students

Authors

  • Anne Carr University of Azuay
  • Dr. Athena Alchazidu CJV Muni, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
  • Dr. Booth University College, University of London, U.K.
  • Dr. Constanzo Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo,
  • Gabriela Bonilla, MIB
  • Patricia Tineo, M.Sc. Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  • Katerina Chudova, M.A. Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15i5.5811

Keywords:

epistemic (in)justice, human rights, knowledge production, testimony

Abstract

In this study, we present the results of a project, which involved students enrolled at four universities located in Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Czech Republic, and the United Kingdom. The main goal of the project was to raise students’ awareness about the conditions that cause epistemic injustice for migrants and refugees. Epistemic injustice is a concept that sheds light on the ethical dimensions of our epistemic practices. It recognizes that individuals can be wronged specifically in their capacity as knowers, a capacity essential to human value (Fricker, 2007). The project material included a set of interviews with migrants and refugees as well as desk research about the status of their national migratory contexts. Students exchanged their testimonies via extended sessions that took place between October and November of 2022. An ethics of listening was cultivated to disrupt conventions of authorized discourse about migrants.  Through understanding that labels such as illegal, undocumented and unauthorized are not neutral descriptors but carry implicit association and value judgments that frame and influence debate, students were invited to engage in a form of communication and consciousness to create spaces for unheard, marginalized voices of migration trends (Lipari, 2010.) Our international research with students and migrants was influenced by Arjun Appadurai (2006) who invites us to question established paradigms and critically reflect on contemporary global dynamics of migration contributing to Sousa Santos ‘ecology of knowledges’ across continents and cultures (2015).

Author Biographies

  • Dr. Athena Alchazidu, CJV Muni, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia

    Research interests: Hispanic Studies in History, Culture and Society of Latin and Cultural Anthropology

  • Dr. Booth, University College, University of London, U.K.

     Latin American History, socialism and communism in Mexico, transnational intellectual and artistic networks, and Cold War historiography.

  • Dr. Constanzo, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo,

    Sustainable Tourism, Competitiveness and Destination Management

  • Gabriela Bonilla, MIB

    Migration, cross cultural communication and international cooperation

  • Patricia Tineo, M.Sc., Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

    Service, Leadership, Innovation, Hospitality, Tourism, Sustainability, Quality, Internationalization, Education, Entrepreneurship

  • Katerina Chudova, M.A., Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia

    digital tools, gamification and transferable skills in university instruction

References

Allen, A. (2017). Power/knowledge/resistance: Foucault and epistemic injustice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus, Jr. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice (pp. 187–194). Routledge.

Anzaldúa, G. E. (1987). Borderlands/La frontera: The new mestiza (3rd ed.). Aunt Lute Books.

Appadurai, A. (2006). The right to research. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720600750696

Arendt, H. (1951). The origins of totalitarianism. Penguin Random House UK.

Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. University of Chicago Press.

Bernal-Ríos, L. P. (2022). Cuatro injusticias epistémicas en los currículos universitarios de filosofía en Colombia: Anglo-eurocentrismo, racismo, sexismo y humanismo. Cuadernos de Filosofía Latinoamericana, 43(126). https://doi.org/10.15332/25005375.7604

Boni, A. & Velasco, D. (2019). Epistemic capabilities and epistemic injustice: What is the role of higher education in fostering epistemic contributions of marginalized knowledge producers? Global Justice: theory practice rhetoric, 12(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.21248/gjn.12.01.228

Carr, A., Martinez-Sojos, M., & Ortega-Chasi, P. (2023) Expectations of Ecuadorian higher education in a time of uncertainty: A comparison between the perceptions of students and teachers during the Covid-19 Pandemic (2020/21). In M. A. Carrigan (Ed.), Building the post pandemic university: Imagining, contesting and materializing higher education futures. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Carr, A., Martinez-Sojos, M., Ortega-Chasi, P. (2021). Online teaching: Taking advantage of complexity to see what we did not notice before. In A. Slapac, P. Balcerzak, & K. O’Brien (Eds.), Handbook of research on the global empowerment of educators and student learning through action research (pp. 144-169). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6922-1

Chamorro Muñoz, A. N. (2022). El prejuicio en la mentira política. Una mirada desde la injusticia epistémica. Revista de Derecho, (55), 172–188. https://dx.doi.org/10.14482/dere.55.340.1

Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2015). Between the world and me. Spiegel & Grau.

Craig, E. (1990). Knowledge and the state of nature: An essay in conceptual synthesis. Clarendon Press.

Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

Damrosch, D. & Spivak, G. C. (2011). Comparative literature/World literature: A discussion with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and David Damrosch. Comparative Literature Studies, 48(4), 455–485. https://doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.48.4.0455

Davies, T., Isakjee, A., & Obradovic-Wochnik, J. (2023). Epistemic borderwork: Violent pushbacks, refugees, and the politics of knowledge at the EU border. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 113(1), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077167

Ferguson, M. (2020). Hermeneutical justice in Fricker, Dotson, and Arendt. Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy, 25(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.5840/epoche2020108168

Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin Random House UK.

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.

Fricker, M. (2012). Group testimony? The making of a collective good informant. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 84(2), 249–276. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23210078

Fricker, M. (2013). Epistemic justice as a condition of political freedom? Synthese, 190(7), 1317–1332. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41931810

Fricker, M. (2017). Evolving concepts of epistemic injustice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus, Jr. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice (pp. 53–60). Routledge.

Govindarajan, S. (2022). Disbelief at the threshold: Epistemic injustices in asylum-seeking. [Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands]. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.233705619

Gumperz, J. J. (1977). The sociolinguistic significance of conversational code-switching. RELC Journal, 8(2), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/003368827700800201

Habermas, J. (2006) Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x

Haile, J. B. (2017). Ta-Nehisi Coates´s phenomenology of the body. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 31(3), 493-503. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.31.3.0493

Herd, D. & Pinkus, A. (2016). Refugee tales. Comma Press.

Jacobs, J. (2019, September 13). Refuge and refuse: Migrant knowledge and environmental education in Germany. Migrant Knowledge. https://migrantknowledge.org/2019/09/13/refuge-and-refuse-migrant-knowledge-and-environmental-education-in-germany/

Korala-Azad, S. & Fuentes, E. (2009). Introduction: Activist scholarship—Possibilities and constraints of participatory action research. Social Justice, 36(4), 1–5. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768557

Kotzee, B. (2017). Education and epistemic justice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina, & G. Pohlhaus, Jr. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of epistemic injustice (pp. 325–339). Routledge.

Lipari, L. (2010). Listening, thinking, being. Communication Theory, 20(3), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01366.x

Maldonado-Torres, N. (2017). Frantz Fanon and the decolonial turn in psychology: From modern/colonial methods to the decolonial attitude. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 432–441.

Martinez-Diaz, P., Caperos, J. M., Prieto-Ursúa, M., Gismero-González, E., Cagigal, V. & Carrasco, M. J. (2021). Victims’ perspective of forgiveness seeking behaviors after transgressions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656689

Mignolo, W. (2000). Local histories/global designs: Coloniality, subaltern knowledges, and border thinking. Princeton University Press.

Mignolo, W. (2003). The darker side of the Renaissance: Literacy, territoriality, and colonization (2nd ed.). University of Michigan Press.

Mignolo, W. D. (2009). Epistemic disobedience, independent thought and decolonial freedom. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(7-8), 159–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409349275

Mignolo, W. D. (2011). Epistemic disobedience and the decolonial option: A manifesto. Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(2), 44–66. www.doi:10.5070/T412011807

Mosquera, A. (2009). La semiótica de Lotman como teoría del conocimiento. Enlace, 6(3), 63–78. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1690-75152009000300005&lng=es&tlng=es

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2018). Epistemic freedom in Africa. Deprovincialization and decolonization. Routledge.

Nguyen, V. T. (2018). The displaced: Refugee writers on refugee lives. Abrams Press.

Pérez, M. (2019). Violencia epistémica: Reflexiones entre lo invisible y lo ignorable. El lugar sin límites. Revista de Estudios y Políticas de Género, 1(1), 81–98. https://revistas.untref.edu.ar/index.php/ellugar/article/view/288

Pew Research Center (2018). Origins and Destinations of the World’s Migrants, 1990-2017. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/interactives/global-migrant-stocks-map/

R’boul, H. (2022). Epistemological plurality in intercultural communication knowledge. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 17(2), 173–188. https://doi:10.1080/17447143.2022.2069784

Rickberg, M. (2022, February 23). Lotman’s signs [Review of Lotman’s Signs in Akadeemia] Eurozine Review. https://www.eurozine.com/lotmans-signs/

Robeyns, I. (2017). Wellbeing, freedom and social justice: The capability approach re-examined. Open Book Publishers.

Rosa, J., & Flores, N. (2021). Decolonization, language, and race in applied linguistics and social justice. Applied Linguistics, 42(6), 1162-1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab062

Saldívar, J. D. (1997). Border matters: Remapping American cultural studies. University of California Press.

Savransky, M. (2017). A decolonial imagination: Sociology, anthropology and the politics of reality. Sociology, 51(1), 11–26. https://doi:10.1177/0038038516656983

Sen, A. K. (2003). Development as capability expansion. In S. Fukuda-Parr, & A. K. Shiva Kumar (Eds.), Readings in human development: Concepts, measures, and policies for a development paradigm (pp. 3–16). Oxford University Press.

Sen, A. K. (2009). The idea of justice. Harvard University Press.

Sigl, L. (2019). Subjectivity, governance, and changing conditions of knowledge production in the life sciences. Subjectivity, 12, 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-019-00069-6

Sousa Santos, B. (2015). Epistemologies of the South: Justice against epistemicide. Routledge.

United Nations General Assembly. (2018). Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180711_final_draft_0.pdf

UN News. (2018, December 19). General Assembly officially adopts roadmap for migrants to improve safety, ease suffering. United Nations. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/12/1028941#:~:text=19%20December%202018%20Migrants%20and%20Refugees%20The%20United,as%20a%2

Walker, M., Martinez-Vargas, C. & Mkwananzi, F. (2020). Participatory action research: Towards (non-ideal) epistemic justice in a university in South Africa. Journal of Global Ethics, 16(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2019.1661269

Walsh, C. (2012). Interculturalidad y (de)colonialidad: Perspectivas críticas y políticas, Visão Global, 15(1-2), 61–74. https://periodicos.unoesc.edu.br/visaoglobal/article/view/3412

Wimmer, F. M. (2007). Cultural centrisms and intercultural polylogues in philosophy. International Review of Information Ethics, 7, 1–8. https://informationethics.ca/index.php/irie/article/view/9/7

Published

2023-12-01

Issue

Section

Winter 2023 Special Issue

How to Cite

Epistemic (In)justice: Whose voices count? Listening to migrants and students. (2023). Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 15(5), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15i5.5811