Relationships between artificial intelligence use and student learning outcomes
Private university in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/95yw1542Keywords:
artificial intelligence, learning engagement, learning experience, learning outcomeAbstract
This research aims to assess the effects of AI use on student learning outcomes among students from universities in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. This research employed a quantitative and qualitative approach and collected data from 192 private university students in Cambodia. Descriptive statistical tools (mean, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistical tools (regression) in SPSS (PROCESS v4.2 by Andrew F. Hayes) were used to analyse data on the relationships between AI use and learning outcomes, between student engagement and personalised learning experiences, and between AI use and academic learning outcomes. AI use was positively related to student learning outcomes. Moreover, student learning engagement and personalised learning experience partially mediate the relationship between artificial intelligence use and student learning outcomes.
References
Aberbach, H., Jeghal, A., Sabri, A., Tairi, H., & Laaouina, L. (2021). A personalized learning approach based on learning speed. Journal of Computer Science, 17(3), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2021.242.250
Amineh, R. J., & Asl, H. D. (2015). Review of constructivism and social constructivism. Journal of Social Sciences, Literature, and Languages, 1(1), 9–16. https://blue-ap.com/j/List/4/iss/volume 01 (2015)/issue 01/2.pdf
Angraini, L. M., Kania, N., & Gürbüz, F. (2024). Students’ proficiency in computational thinking through Constructivist Learning Theory. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, 2(21), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.56855/ijmme.v2i1.963
Anshori, M., & Aquino, J. (2026). Influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use on Students’ Learning Motivation and Independence in the Era of the Merdeka Curriculum. Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(2), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.70716/jess.v2i2.356
Baikulakov, Y., Kozybay, A., Kenzhebekova, R., Moldabek, K., & Kumisbekova, M. (2026). Understanding Differences in Student Engagement with AI in Art Education through a Cluster Analysis Approach. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(4), 283–310. https://doi.org/10.32674/29brhf21
Baker, R., & Ryan, S. (2019). Game-based learning and artificial intelligence: A review of applications in educational games. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 10(1), 23–45.
Bhatia, A., Bhatia, P., & Sood, D. (2024). Leveraging AI to transform online higher education: Focusing on personalized learning, assessment, and student engagement. International Journal of Management and Humanities (IJMH), 11(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4959186
bin Salem, I. (2024). Integrating artificial intelligence in personalized learning: A future-oriented approach to enhance student engagement and achievement. International Journal of Post Axial: Futuristic Teaching and Learning, 2(2), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.59944/postaxial.v2i2.299
Boninger, F., Williamson, B., & Eynon, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence and equity in education. Computers & Education, 55(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104780
Bonneton-Botté, N., Fleury, S., Girard, N., Le Magadou, M., Cherbonnier, A., Renault, M., Anquetil, E., & Jamet, E. (2020). Can tablet apps support the learning of handwriting? An investigation of learning outcomes in kindergarten classroom. Computers & Education, 151, 103831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103831
Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023). Students’ voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 43.
Chassignol, M., Khoroshavin, A., Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial Intelligence trends in education: a narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.233
Chen, X., Xie, H., Qin, S. J., Wang, F. L., & Hou, Y. (2025). Artificial intelligence‐supported student engagement research Text mining and systematic analysis. European Journal of Education, 60(1), e70008. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70008
Cheng, L., Umapathy, K., Rehman, M., Ritzhaupt, A., Antonyan, K., Shidfar, P., Nichols, J., Lee, M., & Abramowitz, B. (2023). Designing, developing, and validating a measure of undergraduate students’ conceptions of artificial intelligence in education. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 34(2), 275–311. https://doi.org/10.70725/347638mgikol
Chun, Y.-E., Han, J., & Burm, E. (2024). Mediating effect of learning flow in the relation¬ship between learning motivation and academic achievement of nursing students. African Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(9), 3830–3840. https://doi.org/10.69855/guru.v1i2.337
Daniel, B. (2015). Big data and analytics in higher education: opportunities and challenges. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(5), 904–920. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12230
Demartini, C. G., Sciascia, L., Bosso, A., & Manuri, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence bringing improvements to adaptive learning in education: A case study. Sustainability, 16(3), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031347
du Plooy, E., Casteleijn, D., & Franzsen, D. (2024). Personalized adaptive learning in higher education: a scoping review of key characteristics and impact on academic performance and engagement. Heliyon.
Duc, T. M. (2026). AI-Assisted Learning and the Illusion of Competence: Measuring the AI-Learning Gap Through Random Knowledge Verification. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(4), 45–82. https://doi.org/10.32674/nrmwyw65
Duggan, S. (2020). AI in education: Change at the speed of learning. UNESCO IITE.
Ellikkal, A., & Rajamohan, S. (2025). AI-enabled personalized learning: empowering management students for improving engagement and academic performance. Vilakshan-XIMB Journal of Management, 22(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/XJM-02-2024-0023
Gonzalez-Calatayud, A., Luckin, R., & Holmes, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: A review of current applications and future directions. AI in Education Journal, 12(3), 150–165.
Hare, R., Ferguson, S., & Tang, Y. (2025). Enhancing student experience and learning with iterative design in an intelligent educational game. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(2), 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13526
Hassan, A. (2026). Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance student engagement and academic performance in higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-026-13946-w
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS.
Heng, S. (2023). Case study of AI tools usage in Cambodia’s higher education. Cambodian Youth Internet Governance Forum. https://yigfkh.org/app/uploads/2024/03/ChatGPT-Camtech- ODC.pdf
Hernández-Herrera, J. R., Ortiz-Bejar, J., & Ortiz-Bejar, J. (2026). Adaptive and Personalized Learning in Higher Education: An Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach. Education Sciences, 16(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010109
Hidayat, S., Kurniawan, S., & Sari, N. (2025). Applying Constructivist Theory in Learning and Enhancing Religious Moderation Awareness Among Students. Al-Tadzkiyyah. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 16(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.24042/002025162621400
Hooda, M., Rana, C., Dahiya, O., Rizwan, A., & Hossain, M. . (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Assessment and Feedback to Enhance Student Success in Higher Education. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 5215722. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5215722
Huang, Z., Mao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2024). The influence of artificial intelligence technology on college students’ learning effectiveness from the perspective of construc¬tivism — taking ChatGPT as an example. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 30, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.54097/y1x3jj43
Hutchins, D. (2017). How Artificial Intelligence is Boosting Personalization in Higher Education. EdTech Magazine.
Hwang, G. J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001
Jeganathan, K. (2023). How AI is influencing the culture of academic integrity at Northbridge. Northbridge International School Cambodia. https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/nisc- cambodia/news/2023/04/06/how-ai-is-influencing-the-culture-of-academic-integrity-at- northbridge
Kiripost. (2023). Using AI in education. https://kiripost.com/stories/cambodia-using-ai- in-education
Klašnja-Milićević, A., & Ivanović, M. (2021). E-Learning personalization systems and sustainable education. Sustainability, 13(12), 6713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126713
Kokina, J., Blanchette, S., Davenport, T. H., & Pachamanova, D. (2025). Challenges and opportunities for artificial intelligence in auditing: Evidence from the field. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 56, 100734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2025.100734
Linden, K., Pemberton, L., & Webster, L. (2019). Evaluating the bones of adaptive learning: Do the initial promises really increase student engagement and flexible learning within first year anatomy subjects? Edited by J. Domenech, P. Merello, E. DeLaPoza, D. Blazquez, and R. PenaOrtiz, Proceedings. Charles Sturt University, 331–339. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd19.2019.9346
Liu, Z., & Yushchik, E. (2024). Exploring the prospects of using artificial intelligence in education. Cogent Educ, 11, 2353464. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2353464
Long, D. Y., Wang, S., Md Rashid, S., & Lu, X. T. (2026). Artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of its impact on student engagement and the mediating role of teaching methods. Frontiers in Education, 10(10), 1648661. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1648661
Martínez-Comesaña, M., Rigueira-Díaz, X., Larrañaga-Janeiro, A., Martínez-Torres, J., Ocarranza-Prado, I., & Kreibel, D. (2023). Impact of artificial intelligence on assessment methods in primary and secondary education: Systematic literature review. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 28(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.06.002
Medina-Gual, L., & Parejo, J. L. (2026). University students’ engagement with artificial intelligence: A cluster analysis of learner profiles in AI literacy. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 31(1), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09926-7
Merino-Campos, C. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence on personalized learning in higher education: A systematic review. Trends in Higher Education, 4(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu4020017
Miao, F., Holmes, W., Ronghuai, H., & Hui, Z. (2021). AI and education: A guidance for policymakers. UNESCO Publishing. https://doi.org/10.54675/PCSP7350
Moraes, E. B., Kipper, L. M., Hackenhaar Kellermann, A. C., Austria, L., Leivas, P., Moraes, J. A. R., & Witczak, M. (2023). Integration of Industry 4.0 technologies with Education 4.0: advantages for improvements in learning. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 20(2), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-11-2021-0201
Nabiyev, V., Karal, H., Arslan, S., Erumit, A. K., & Cebi, A. (2013). An artificial intelligence-based distance education system: Artimat.Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 14(2), 81–98. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1013738
O’Connell, K. (2024). Impact of artificial intelligence on education. Khmer Times. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501425623/impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-education/
Olabanji, S. O., Marquis, Y., Adigwe, C. S., Ajayi, S. A., O., O. T., & Olaniyi, O. O. (2024). AI-Driven Cloud Security: Examining the Impact of User Behavior Analysis on Threat Detection. Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science, 17(3), 57–74. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=4709384
Ouyang, F., Wu, M., Zheng, L., Zhang, L., & Jiao, P. (2023). Integration of artificial intelligence performance prediction and learning analytics to improve student learning in online engineering course. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00372-4
Pacheco-Mendoza, S., Guevara, C., Mayorga-Albán, A., & Fernández-Escobar, J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Predictive Model for Academic Performance. Education Sciences, 13(10), 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13100990
Pang, X., Zou, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, F., & Chen, X. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence-assisted teaching on medical students’ learning outcomes: an integrated model based on the ARCS model and constructivist theory. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 1309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07826-z
Pum, M., & Sok, S. (2024). Leveraging AI in education in Cambodia : A review of perceived concerns and associated benefits. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 19(2), 157–167. asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/794
Riznika, I., & Kaihatu, T. S. (2021). Sustainability of Family Business: Millennials Intention To Stay in the Family Business As the Result of Stewardship Climate, Mediated By Successor’S Trust and Socioemotional Wealth. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/download/2082/1534
Rohde, N., Flindt, N., Rietz, C. K., & Kassymova, G. (2023). How e-learning programs can be more individualized with Artificial Intelligence – a theoretical approach from a pedagogical Point of View. Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33306/mjssh/240
Saleem, S., Aziz, M. U., Iqbal, M. J., & Abbas, S. (2025). AI in education: Personalized learning systems and their impact on student performance and engagement. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(1), 2445–2459. https://doi.org/10.59075/c35qa453
Sampah, S. N. A., Nabang, M., Krampa, E. K., Issah, M., Koduah, F., Essel, H. B., & Adu Agyem, J. (2026). Generative AI competence and student engagement in higher education: Mediating roles of utilization, autonomy, and formal learning. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(2), 109–146. https://doi.org/10.32674/3s3cx241
Seo, K., Tang, J., Roll, I., Fels, S., & Yoon, D. (2021). The impact of artificial intelligence on learner–instructor interaction in online learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00292-9
Shamsudin, M. F., & Cao, L. (2025). Investigating the Mediating Role of Student Engagement in the Relationship between Machine Learning-enabled Personalized Learning and Academic Performance. In Proceedings of the 2nd Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Education Digitalization and C. 74–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3746469.3746483
Shang, Y. (2024). Research on the individualized teaching of Chinese in higher vocational colleges based on cloud computing. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-2733
Singh, A., Singh, H. P., & Alam, M. F. (2026). The impact of AI tools enabled student engagement on academic performance, employability, and empowerment in Ha’il Region, Saudi Arabia. Acta Psychologica, 262, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106103
Smith, S. M., Tate, M., Freeman, K., Walsh, A., Ballsun-Stanton, B., & Lane, M. (2026). A university framework for the responsible use of generative AI in research. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 48(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2025.2509187
Sol, K., Heng, K., & Sok, S. (2024). Using AI in English language education: An exploration of Cambodian EFL University Students’ experiences, perceptions, and attitudes. In SSRN Electronic Journal (Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 1–36). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4687461
Soun, P. (2023). The implications of ChatGPT on media education in Cambodia: A plus or a minus? Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Cambodia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376270406_The_Implications_of_ChatGPT_on_Med ia_Education_in_Cambodia_A_Plus_or_A_Minus
Suryana, E., Aprina, M. P., & Harto, K. (2022). Teori Konstruktivistik dan Implikasinya dalam Pembelajaran. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(7), 2070–2080. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i7.666
Swargiary. (2024). The Impact of AI-Driven Personalized Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems on Student Engagement and Academic Achievement. Ethical Implications and the Digital Divide. 4897241
Tadese, M. . Y. A. . & M. G. B. (2022). Determinants of good academic performance among university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 395.
Tan, W. L., & Teoh, K. B. (2026). Policy alignment and trustworthy AI governance in higher education: A conceptual analysis of Malaysia’s reform agenda and ASEAN governance imperatives. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.32674/eqphhh11
Tapalova, O., & Zhiyenbayeva, N. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: AIEd for personalised learning pathways. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 20(5), 639–653. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1373006
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4205511/
Tieng, M., Yoeng, H., Sam, R., Nhean, V., Hour, R., & Doeurn, E. (2023). Institutional Integration Factors That Impact Students’ Academic and Intellectual Developments: A Case Study of Three Cambodian Rural Universities. International Journal of Learning and Development, 13(3), 39. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v13i3.21106
Tinto, V. (1994). Leaving College. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226922461.001.0001
Topal, D., Eren, A. D., Geçer, C. K., & Aynur. (2021). Chatbot application in a 5th grade science course. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6241–6265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10627-8
Vieriu, A. M., & Petrea, G. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on students’ academic development. Education Sciences, 15(3), 343. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/3/343
Vijayakumar Bharathi, S., & Pande, M. B. (2024). Does Constructivism Learning Approach Lead to Developing Creative Thinking Skills? The Mediating Role of Online Collaborative Learning Environments. Journal of Computers in Education, 12(2), 551–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-024-00321-2
Villegas-Ch., W., Sánchez-Viteri, S., & Román-Cañizares, M. (2021). Academic Activities Recommendation System for Sustainable Education in the Age of COVID-19. Informatics, 8(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020029
Vong Garrel, J., & Mayer, J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in studies—use of ChatGPT and AI-based tools among students in Germany. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02304-7
Wadoux, A. M. C. (2025). Artificial intelligence in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science, 76(2), e70080. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70080
Walkington, C., & Bernacki, M. L. (2020). Appraising research on personalized learning: Definitions, theoretical alignment, advancements, and future directions. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 52(3), 235–252. https://doi.org/15391523.2020.1747757
Xu, X., Dugdale, D. M., Wei, X., & Mi, W. (2023). Leveraging artificial intelligence to predict young learner online learning engagement. American Journal of Distance Education, 37(3), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2022.2044663
Xu, X., Wang, J., Peng, H., & Wu, R. (2019). Prediction of academic performance associated with internet usage behaviors using machine learning algorithms. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.015
Zlatarov, P., Ivanova, E., Ivanova, G., & Doncheva, J. (2021). Design and development of a web-based student screening module as part of a personalized learning system. TEM Journal, 10(3), 1454–1460. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM103-58
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Narith Por

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.




