Power, Privilege, and Abuse: A Marxist Examination of ‘Bacha Bazi’ in The Kite Runner
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/sq29f439Keywords:
Bacha Bazi, Culture, Dancing Boys, Marxism, The Kite RunnerAbstract
The term ‘Bacha Bazi’ is a commonplace term used in reference to the pervasive act of objectification and sexual abuse of preadolescent kids by predominant male patrons in the Afghanistan society, festering it rotten from inside. Existing in an unofficial, institutionalized setting, it often results in a culturally enforced and approved metamorphosis of young boys, affecting how they construct their social and sexual identity—which stays distinct and unaltered—as they are coerced into becoming dancing boys and male escorts for wealthy patrons compelling them to serve as both, a source of sexual pleasure and amusement. Bacha Bazi is a new social function that has been given cultural legitimacy by a society that is sharply split between the powerful and the powerless. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a sharp social commentary on the Marxist nature of this cultural malpractice from the points of view of Hassan and Sohrab. The current paper is qualitative research into the power play and politics of Bacha Bazi in the Afghanistan society from a Marxist perspective.
References
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. (2014). Retrieved February 23, 2024 from http://www.aihrc.org.af/home/research_report/3324
Arberry B. A. J. (1955). The Koran interpreted. Retrieved from http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA06885924
Arora, A. & Rani (2024). Unveiling the Trauma: Discovering Paedophilia in The Kite Runner. Journal of Underrepresented and Minority Progress,8(1), 128-148. https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v8i1.6544
Arora, A., &Manju. (2023). Altruism in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. IUP Journal of English Studies, 18(2), 12–19. https://www.proquest.com/openview/d8cb51378b62b086f77bc00e6129792c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2030005
Asian Development Bank. (2020). Poverty data: Afghanistan (Data set).
Baldauf, I., &Bacabozlik. (1990). Boy love, folksong and literature in Central Asia. Paidika, 2(2), 12-31. IngeborgBaldauf, Bacabozlik. Boylove, Folksong and Literature in Central Asia : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
Banita, G. (2019). War and Sexual Violence. Retrieved from https://study-notes-pdfs.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/8648062.pdf
Bosworth, C. E., Lewis, C., &Pellat, C. (1986). Liwāṭ, in Encyclopédie de l’Islam (5th ed.).
Bush, K. D., &Saltarelli, D. (2001). The two faces of education in ethnic conflict: Towards a peacebuilding education for children. UNICEF.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight4.pdf
Child’s rights protection law (Issue No: 1334). (2019). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Justice Official Gazette 1334.
Corboz, J., Pasquero, L., Hogg, C. L., & Rasheed, A. (2023). Enhancing a survivor-centred approach to healthcare provision in Afghanistan: Understanding and addressing the barriers faced by male victims/survivors of sexual violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 142 (2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105854
Creswell, J. W., &Maietta, R. C. (2002). Qualitative research. Handbook of research design and social measurement, 6(1), 143-184.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.
Goldstein, J. & New York Times. (2015). Soldiers Told to Ignore Sexual Abuse of Boys by Afghan Allies. NYtimes.com. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/world/asia/us-soldiers-told-to-ignore-afghan-allies- abuse-of-boys.html?smid=twnytimes&smtyp=cur&_r=2&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=New Campaign&utm_term=%2AAfPak Daily Brief&referrer=
Hosseini, K. (2013). The Kite Runner: Tenth anniversary edition.
Krespil, A. (2011, January 15). Kite Runner Timeline. Inwikiwords. https://inwikiwords.pbworks.com/w/page/35112521/Kite%20Runner%20Timeline
Marsden R. (1999). The nature of capital : Marx after Foucault. Retrieved from http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA44590608
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2008). The Communist Manifesto. Oxford University PresseBooks.
https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535712.001.0001
Merriam, S. B., &Grenier, R. S. (Eds.). (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. John Wiley & Sons
Misra, A. (2022b). Men on top: Sexual economy of Bacha Bazi in Afghanistan. International Politics, 60(2), 350–370. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-022-00401-z
Nisya, C., Sunarko, B. S., &Trihartono, A. (2019). In education we trust: combating human insecurity of bacha bazi in Afghanistan. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 243, 012159. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/243/1/012159
Russia Today. (2016). They prefer boys in Afghanistan”: Dancing Bachas Recruited for Sex (RT documentary) [Video]. Youtube. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eM-xe6wHjnw
Sen, M. (2024). Breaking Silence, Telling Stories: Unveiling the Trope of Male Rape in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. Teresian Journal of English Studies, 16(2), 22–41.
Sheppard, V. (2020, April 6). 3.2 Exploration, description, explanation. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/3-2-exploration-description-explanation/
Shinde, M. (2021). Ethnicity in Afghanistan Literature: Ethnicity in Afghanistan Literature. Prestige Books International.
Statement by Chairman of Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict. (2011). Security Council. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10259.doc.htm
Thakur, P. (2020). Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner: Unveiling the trauma of adolescent boys trapped in Afghanistan’s culturally legitimized paedophilia-‘Bacha Bazi.’ Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities,12(5). https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s9n5
Thakur, P. (2023). In AFGHAN WAR-ZONES AND BACHA BAZI: AN ANALYSIS IN THE SELECT NOVELS OF KHALED HOSSEINI AND NADEEM ASLAM (pp. 1–15). essay, Empyreal Publishing House.
The revised Afghanistan criminal code: an end for Bacha Bazi? (2018). London School of Economics. Retrieved February 10, 2024, from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/01/24/the-revised-afghanistan-criminal-code-an-end-for- bacha-bazi/
Timetoast. (1973, January 1). Kite Runner & the History of Afghanistan timeline. Timetoast Timelines. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/kite-runner-the-history-of-afghanistan-2eaaab83-5a96-4ef9-b65e-5bd74489a49b
UN News. (2011). New UN-Afghan pact will help curb recruitment, sexual abuse of children. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37461#.WbqcRRmlq