Limbu Poets’ Experiences of Using Facebook for Promoting Endangered Indigenous Language

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v6i1.4099

Keywords:

Facebook , Limbu poets, indigenous language, Marginalized community, Nepal

Abstract

The authors report an examination of Limbu poets’ experiences of using Facebook to share Limbu poems expecting to promote their Indigenous language, literature, and culture, and preserve Indigenous identities. We employed online semi-structured interviews with participants and observation of their Facebook walls to gather qualitative data. We discuss how the Limbu poets attempted to promote their Limbu language through Facebook. Limbu poets used their Indigenous poems to inform and promote the value of their language and to preserve Indigenous cultural values. The poetic creation in the Limbu language received significant responses from readers, however, far less than the poems in Nepali and English. This result may have occurred because many members of the Limbu community might not have understood Limbu poems. It demonstrates the decline of Limbu, one of the Indigenous languages in Nepal, and the challenge of preserving and promoting the language. Limbu poets’ more organized and innovative ways of using Facebook for promoting their Indigenous language may help them achieve their aim to restore their language.

Author Biographies

  • Dig Dhoj Lawati, Nepal Open University, Nepal

    DIG DHOJ LAWATI is an MPhil scholar in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Nepal Open University, Nepal. His major research interests lie in the area of minority language use in social media, decolonization, post-colonialism, and Indigenous studies. Email: hilihanglawati@gmail.com.

  • Karna Rana, Nepal Open University, Nepal

    KARNA RANA, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Nepal Open University, Nepal. His areas of research interest are online learning, digital technology and education, ICT and education policy, e-based learning, social media in education, language teaching and policy, Indigenous studies, multilingualism and mother-tongue-based education. Email: karnabdr@gmail.com.

References

Ali, A., Wang, H., & Khan, A. N. (2019). Mechanism to enhance team creative performance through social media: A transactive memory system approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.033

Al-Jarf, R. (2015). Discourse and creativity issues in EFL creative writing on Facebook. International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS), 4(1), 54-81. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5622-0.ch001

Al-Jarf, R. (2018). Exploring discourse and creativity in Facebook creative writing by non-native speakers. In M. Danesi (Ed.), Empirical research on semiotics and visual rhetoric (pp. 1-31). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5622-0.ch001

Alsaggaf, R. M. (2015). Identity construction and social capital: A qualitative study of the use of Facebook by Saudi women [Doctoral thesis, University of Leicester]. England. https://leicester.figshare.com/account/articles/10160807

Androutsopoulos, J. (2015). Networked multilingualism: Some language practices on Facebook and their implications. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(2), 185-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913489198

Aydin, S. (2012). A review of research on Facebook as an educational environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(6), 1093-1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-012-9260-7

Bareket-Bojmel, L., Moran, S., & Shahar, G. (2016). Strategic self-presentation on Facebook: Personal motives and audience response to online behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 788-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.033

Belmar, G., & Glass, M. (2019). Virtual communities as breathing spaces for minority languages: Re-framing minority language use in social media. Adeptus (14). https://doi.org/10.11649/a.1968

Bigelow, M., Vanek, J., King, K., & Abdi, N. (2017). Literacy as social (media) practice: Refugee youth and native language literacy at school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 60, 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.002

Brake, D. R. (2012). Who do they think they’re talking to? Framings of the audience by social media users. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1056–1076. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/932/747

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Capua, I. D. (2012). A literature review of research on Facebook use. The Open Communication Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874916X01206010037

Carpenter, J. P., & Krutka, D. G. (2015). Engagement through microblogging: Educator professional development via Twitter. Professional Development in Education, 41(4), 707-728. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.939294

Chai, J., & Fan, K. (2017). Constructing creativity: Social media and creative expression in design education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/79321

Cru, J. (2015). Language revitalisation from the ground up: Promoting Yucatec Maya on Facebook. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 36(3), 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.921184

Cunliffe, D. (2019). Minority languages and social media. In G. Hogan-Brun & B. O’Rourke (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of minority languages and communities (pp. 451-480). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54066-9_18

Dayter, D. (2015). Small stories and extended narratives on Twitter. Discourse, Context & Media, 10, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2015.05.003

DePew, K. E. (2011). Social media at academia's periphery: Studying multilingual developmental writers' Facebook composing strategies. Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal, 11(1), 54-75. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/29

Deschene, D. N. (2019). Coptic language learning and social media. Languages, 4(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4030073

Ditchfield, H. (2020). Behind the screen of Facebook: Identity construction in the rehearsal stage of online interaction. New Media & Society, 22(6), 927-943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819873644

Ferré-Pavia, C., Zabaleta, I., Gutierrez, A., Fernandez-Astobiza, I., & Xamardo, N. (2018). Internet and social media in European minority languages: Analysis of the digitalization process. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1065–1086. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7464/2285

Flew, T. (2018). Social media and the cultural and creative industries. In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social media. Sage.

Giri, P. C., & Rana, K. (2022). Lessons learned from teaching English through Facebook Live for future. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 6(1), 14-31. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.309

Gonzalez-Polledo, E., & Tarr, J. (2016). The thing about pain: The remaking of illness narratives in chronic pain expressions on social media. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1455-1472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814560126

Gündüz, U. (2017). The effect of social media on identity construction. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(5), 85-85. https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss

Guta, H., & Karolak, M. (2015). Veiling and blogging: Social media as sites of identity negotiation and expression among Saudi women. Journal of International Women's Studies, 16(2), 115-127. http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol16/iss2/7

Hanusch, F., & Tandoc, E. C. (2019). Comments, analytics, and social media: The impact of audience feedback on journalists’ market orientation. Journalism, 20(6), 695-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917720305

Honeycutt, C., & Cunliffe, D. (2010). The use of the Welsh language on Facebook: An initial investigation. Information, Communication & Society, 13(2), 226-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180902914628

Hutchinson, A. (2020). Facebook closes in on new milestone of 3 billion total users across its platforms. Social Media Today. https://about.fb.com/company-info/

Igboanusi, H., & Peter, L. (2004). Oppressing the oppressed: The threats of Hausa and English to Nigeria's minority languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2004(170), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2004.2004.170.131

Jeon, L., & Mauney, S. (2014). “As much as I love you, I’ll never get you to understand”: Political discourse and ‘face’ work on Facebook. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Symposium about Language and Society-Austin, Rice University, USA.

Jongbloed-Faber, L., Van de Velde, H., Van der Meer, C., & Klinkenberg, E. (2016). Language use of Frisian bilingual teenagers on social media. Treballs de sociolingüística catalana, 27-54. https://raco.cat/index.php/TSC/article/view/316429

Jongbloed-Faber, L., van Loo, J., & Cornips, L. (2017). Regional languages on Twitter: A comparative study between Frisian and Limburgish. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 174-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011501100105

Kavakci, E., & Kraeplin, C. R. (2016). Religious beings in fashionable bodies: The online identity construction of hijabi social media personalities. Media, Culture & Society, 39(6), 850-868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716679031

Keegan, T. T., Mato, P., & Ruru, S. (2015). Using Twitter in an Indigenous language: An analysis of Te Reo Māori tweets. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 11(1), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011501100105

Khabarhub (2022). Six new languages added to the list of languages spoken in Nepal: Number of languages spoken in Nepal reaches 129. https://english.khabarhub.com/2019/05/53137/

Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V., & Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. American Psychologist, 70(6), 543. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311

Lee, M. (2018). Navigating the social media space for Māori and Indigenous communities. In I. Piven, R. Gandell, M. Lee, & A. M. Simpson (Eds.), Global perspectives on social media in tertiary learning and teaching: Emerging research and opportunities (pp. 51-71). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5826-2.ch003

Li, Q., Guo, X., Bai, X., & Xu, W. (2018). Investigating microblogging addiction tendency through the lens of uses and gratifications theory. Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-03-2017-0092

Li, X., & Duan, B. (2018). Organizational microblogging for event marketing: A new approach to creative placemaking. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 22(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2017.134315

Lindgren, S., & Cocq, C. (2017). Turning the inside out: Social media and the broadcasting of Indigenous discourse. European Journal of Communication, 32(2), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116674112

Liu, Z., Min, Q., Zhai, Q., & Smyth, R. (2016). Self-disclosure in Chinese micro-blogging: A social exchange theory perspective. Information & Management, 53(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.08.006

Marchukov, A. (2016). Promoting culture abroad: The experience of Germany and Japan in the field of cultural diplomacy. Journal of Philological, Educational and Cultural Studies, 1(2). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/promoting-culture-abroad-the-experience-of-germany-and-japan-in-the-field-of-cultural-diplomacy

McDaniel, B. T., Coyne, S. M., & Holmes, E. K. (2012). New mothers and media use: Associations between blogging, social networking, and maternal well-being. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(7), 1509-1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0918-2

McMonagle, S., Cunliffe, D., Jongbloed-Faber, L., & Jarvis, P. (2019). What can hashtags tell us about minority languages on Twitter? A comparison of cymraeg, frysk, and gaeilge. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(1), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1465429

Meikle, G. (2016). Social media: Communication, sharing and visibility. Routledge.

Miller, G. (2016). Social media and creative motivation. In R. Garner (Ed.), Digital Art Therapy: Material, Methods, and Applications (pp. 40-53). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Outakoski, H., Cocq, C., & Steggo, P. (2018). Strengthening Indigenous languages in the digital age: Social media–supported learning in Sápmi. Media International Australia, 169(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X18803700

Page, R. (2010). Re-examining narrativity: Small stories in status updates. Text & Talk, 30(4), 423-444. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.2010.021

Phyak, P. (2013). Language ideologies and local languages as the medium-of-instruction policy: A critical ethnography of a multilingual school in Nepal. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.775557

Phyak, P. (2015). (En)countering language ideologies: Language policing in the ideospace of Facebook. Language Policy, 14(4), 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9350-y

Phyak, P. (2019). Transformation from the bottom up: Ideological analysis with Indigenous youth and language policy justice in Nepal. In T. L. McCarty, S. E. Nicholas, & G. Wigglesworth (Eds.), A world of Indigenous languages: Politics, pedagogies and prospects for language reclamation (pp. 194-213). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788923071-013

Pischlöger, C. (2016). Udmurt on social network sites: A comparison with the Welsh case. In R. Toivanen & J. Saarikivi (Eds.), Linguistic Genocide or Superdiversity (pp. 108-132). https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783096060-006

Rahmah, R. E. (2018). Quickgram for facilitating the students' creative writing tasks. 2nd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings, Indonesia. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/ELLIC/article/view/3533/3348

Rana, K. (2018). Retention of English language tension in multilingual communities of Nepal: A review of teachers’ narratives. Journal of NELTA, 23(1-2), 40-53. https://10.3126/nelta.v23i1-2.23347

Rana, K. (2022). How teachers developed remote learning during the Covid-19 crisis: What can we learn from rural teachers in Nepal? In M. Hammond (Ed.), Supporting remote teaching and learning in developing countries: From the global to the local (pp. 48-61). British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org.np/sites/default/files/teaching_learning_book.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3QxkAFWmZT7hxYi4ES2gzQMPinajhyh1un2mcQy50vRzmFjRTQlbx5rVk

Rana, K., & Sah, P. K. (forthcoming). English as a medium of instruction policy in Nepal’s higher education. In P. K. Sah & G. Fang (Eds.), English Medium Instruction in Asian Universities: Policies, Politics, and Ideologies. Routledge.

Rasheed, M. I., Malik, M. J., Pitafi, A. H., Iqbal, J., Anser, M. K., & Abbas, M. (2020). Usage of social media, student engagement, and creativity: The role of knowledge sharing behavior and cyberbullying. Computers & Education, 159, 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104002

Ratten, V. (2017). Social media innovations and creativity. In A. Brem & E. Viardot (Eds.), Revolution of innovation management (pp. 199-220). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57475-6_8

Rice, E. S., Haynes, E., Royce, P., & Thompson, S. C. (2016). Social media and digital technology use among Indigenous young people in Australia: A literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0366-0

Sah, P. K. (2020). English medium instruction in South Asian’s multilingual schools: unpacking the dynamics of ideological orientations, policy/practices, and democratic questions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1718591

Sauter, T. (2014). What’s on your mind? Writing on Facebook as a tool for self-formation. New Media & Society, 16(5), 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444813495160

Shafie, L. A., & Nayan, S. (2013). Languages, code-switching practice and primary functions of Facebook among university students. Study in English Language Teaching, 1(1), 187-199.

Sharma, B. K. (2012). Beyond social networking: Performing global Englishes in Facebook by college youth in Nepal 1. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 16(4), 483-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2012.00544.x

Sharma, B. K., & Phyak, P. (2017). Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethnolinguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society, 46(2), 231-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404517000045

Shlezak, A. (2015). The narrative discourse in Facebook electronic communication. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 209, 476-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.259

Stern, A. J. (2017). How Facebook can revitalise local languages: Lessons from Bali. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(9), 788-796. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1267737

Velázquez, I. (2017). Reported literacy, media consumption and social media use as measures of relevance of Spanish as a heritage language. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006915596377

Waitoa, J., Scheyvens, R., & Warren, T. R. (2015). E-whanaungatanga: The role of social media in Māori political empowerment. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 11(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011501100104

Wiggers, H. (2017). Digital divide: Low German and other minority languages. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(2), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.130

Wu, Y., Li, E. Y., & Chang, W. (2016). Nurturing user creative performance in social media networks. Internet Research, 26(4), 869-900. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-10-2014-0239

Wyburn, J. (2018). Media pressures on Welsh language preservation. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 42(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396984

Zhang, Y., & Ren, W. (2020). ‘This is so skrrrrr’–creative translanguaging by Chinese micro-blogging users. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1753746

Downloads

Published

2022-05-20

How to Cite

Limbu Poets’ Experiences of Using Facebook for Promoting Endangered Indigenous Language. (2022). Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v6i1.4099