Professional and institutional factors associated with special educators' familiarity, preparedness, and perceptions of student engagement in adaptive sports
A cross-sectional survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/9hndm058Keywords:
disabled children, physical education and training, school teachers, sports for persons with disabilities, professional competence, surveyAbstract
Special educators play a crucial role in promoting adaptive sports for children with disabilities; however, the factors associated with their perceptions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the links between the characteristics of special school teachers in terms of their familiarity, training preparedness, and perceptions of student engagement in adaptive sports. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 241 special education teachers from 58 schools in Tamil Nadu, India. The composite scores of the three domains were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square tests. Educational qualifications (η²=.204–.236), organization type (η²=.187–.221), and professional designation (η²=.134–.189) showed the strongest associations. Professional development should prioritize diploma holders, subject professionals, rural teachers, and government school educators.
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Antala, B., Průžek, M., & Popluhárová, M. (2022). Self-efficacy and attitudes of physical education teachers towards inclusion of pupils with disabilities. Sustainability, 14(20), 13292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013292
Aslan, E. (2018). Examination of Parental and Special Education Teachers' Attitudes towards Sports Activities of Students with Intellectual Disability. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(11), 2691-2695. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061136
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard university press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028845
Diaz, R., Miller, E. K., Kraus, E., & Fredericson, M. (2019). Impact of adaptive sports participation on quality of life. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review, 27(2), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000242
Eminović, F., Nikić, R., Stojković, I., & Pacić, S. (2009). Attitudes toward inclusion of persons with disabilities in sport activities. Sport Science, 2(1).
Engelbrecht, C., du Toit, D., van der Merwe, N., & Kemp, C. (2025). Bridging policy and practice: Adapted physical education for special needs learners in BRICS. African journal of disability, 14, 1626. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v14i0.1626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v14i0.1626
Florian, L., & Beaton, M. (2018). Inclusive pedagogy in action: getting it right for every child. International journal of inclusive education, 22(8), 870-884. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1412513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1412513
Fox, H. B., Tuckwiller, E. D., Kutscher, E. L., & Walter, H. L. (2020). What makes teachers well? A mixed methods study of special education teacher well-being. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 9(2), 223-248. https://doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i2.2170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i2.2170
Government of India. (2016). The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (Act No. 49 of 2016). https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15939/1/the_rights_of_persons_with_disabilities_act%2C_2016.pdf
Haegele, J. A., Wilson, W. J., Zhu, X., Bueche, J. J., Brady, E., & Li, C. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to inclusion in integrated physical education: Adapted physical educators’ perspectives. European Physical Education Review, 27(2), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20944429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20944429
Hayes, A. M., & Bulat, J. (2017). Disabilities inclusive education systems and policies guide for low-and middle-income countries. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0043.1707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0043.1707
Hutzler, Y., Meier, S., Reuker, S., & Zitomer, M. (2019). Attitudes and self-efficacy of physical education teachers toward inclusion of children with disabilities: a narrative review of international literature. Physical education and sport pedagogy, 24(3), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1571183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1571183
İlhan, E. L., Esentürk, O. K., & Yarımkaya, E. (2016). Attitude scale of individuals having mental disabilities towards sports activities (zebseytö): Validity and reliability studyZihinsel engelli bireylerin sportif etkinliklerine yönelik tutum ölçeği (zebseytö): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 1141-1160. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3656
Isidoro-Cabanas, E., Soto-Rodriguez, F. J., Morales-Rodriguez, F. M., & Perez-Marmol, J. M. (2023, September). Benefits of adaptive sport on physical and mental quality of life in people with physical disabilities: a meta-analysis. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 18, p. 2480). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11182480
Kim, M., Thomas, A., Sharpe, S., & Farrell, J. (2025). Understanding reasons for participation and barriers within adaptive sports for individuals with physical disabilities. Recreational Sports Journal, 49(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661241292027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661241292027
Kundu, A., Bej, T., & Dey, K. N. (2020). Indian educators’ awareness and attitude towards assistive technology. Journal of Enabling Technologies, 14(4), 233-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/JET-04-2020-0015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JET-04-2020-0015
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, & Sports Authority of India. (2024). Annual report 2023-24. https://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/sai/assets/news/1737368346_SAI_AR_English_2023-24.pdf
Murphy, N. A., Carbone, P. S., & Council on Children with Disabilities. (2008). Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activities. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1057-1061. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0566
Patel, D. R., Neelakantan, M., Pandher, K., & Merrick, J. (2020). Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview. Translational pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S125. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.01.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.01.01
Peters, D. M., Høigaard, R., & Francis, J. W. (2024). Adapted & (dis) ability sport. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1515330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1515330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1515330
Pathak, V., Trivedi, A., Singh, A., Yadav, N., Gardia, A., & Singh, P. (2026). Teacher preparedness for migrant children in primary schools: An ecological analysis of professional capacity and structural constraints. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.32674/n7fqg108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/n7fqg108
Shields, N., & Synnot, A. (2016). Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics, 16(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0544-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0544-7
Sullivan, A. C., Blanchard‐Alworth, C., Piletic, C. K., & Hilgenbrinck, L. (2025). Supporting social justice in physical education teacher education programs: A qualitative analysis of adapted PE teachers' perspectives. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 25(4), 1116-1126. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.70034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.70034
Tamilnadu Differently Abled Federation Charitable Trust. (2023, February 25). 20th state-level para sports for people with disabilities. https://www.tndfctrust.com/sports-meet/20th-state-level-para-sports-2023/
Taneja-Johansson, S., Singal, N., & Samson, M. (2023). Education of children with disabilities in rural Indian government schools: A long road to inclusion. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 70(5), 735-750. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2021.1917525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2021.1917525
Tarantino, G., Makopoulou, K., & Neville, R. D. (2022). Inclusion of children with special educational needs and disabilities in physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers’ attitudes. Educational Research Review, 36, 100456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100456
Taylor, H. E., Van Boxtel, J. M., Bueno, S. A., & Foster, E. A. (2026). Integrating high-leverage practices into special education teacher preparation programmes: promoting access and equity for all learners. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 30(4), 749-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2025.2490986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2025.2490986
United Nations Children's Fund. (2021). Seen, counted, included: Using data to shed light on the well-being of children with disabilities. https://data.unicef.org/resources/children-with-disabilities-report-2021/
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rishikesavan Ragupathy, Swarnakumari P, Suriya S

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.




